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The Battle of Atlanta figures prominently in the Union's conquest of the Confederacy in the final year of the Civil War and in Abraham Lincoln's re-election to the US presidency. This web-based mobile application combines a narrative of events, maps, video clips, and images into a handheld resource directing visitors to 12 tour stops.

The narrative tells the story of an eight-hour struggle on July 22, 1864, that was one of the biggest battles in the final months of the Civil War. The mobile app guides users to specific places where they can view physical traces of the battlefield, remnants of a Civil War fort and rifle pit, and monuments to fallen generals on opposing sides.

The 12 tour stops are listed in order of the battlefield events, beginning with the prelude to the battle, followed by stops where the first fighting occurred, proceeding to the site of an intense clash for the strategic high ground, and concluding with the location of the final and most famous combat action of the day. The app provides a recommended tour route, driving directions, and suggestions for parking at each stop. A driver should not attempt to drive while using the tour app but should receive directions from a passenger serving as navigator. A typical tour takes three hours.

A Battle of Atlanta tour requires more active engagement than a trip to a well-preserved Civil War battlefield park. However, by juxtaposing a narrative account of the combat action with maps, historic images, and present-day visual evidence, visitors using the mobile app can learn about the Battle of Atlanta for the first time or gain fresh insights into the tactical movements and topographic features that figured in the battle's outcome. Touring in pairs or larger groups is a useful way to identify features that a single person might overlook.

The mobile app also lends itself to learning about the Battle of Atlanta without an actual visit to the battlefield sites. It presupposes no prior knowledge of military maneuvers and events and can serve as a classroom resource for understanding a major Civil War battle. A companion essay about the Battle of Atlanta, published by Southern Spaces, includes more detailed information about each tour stop, lengthier profiles of opposing army commanders, an account of the battle's aftermath and legacy, and recommendations for additional reading.

","flat_pages",[1081,1082,1083],"id","is_geo",true,"link_address","link_text","map_icon","map_overlay","map_type","roadmap","media",[1064,1065],"meta_description","This web app will provide you with historical information about the Battle of Atlanta and provide directions to reach different locations important to it.","mode",{"_33":185,"_72":1062},"modes",[1056,1057,1058,1059],"open_geographies_endpoint","published","published_on","2026-06-24","read_duration","25 minutes reading","restrict_bounds","restrict_bounds_to_overlay","sanitized_description","The Battle of Atlanta figures prominently in the Union's conquest of the Confederacy in the final year of the Civil War and in Abraham Lincoln's re-election to the US presidency. This web-based mobile application combines a narrative of events, maps, video clips, and images into a handheld resource directing visitors to 12 tour stops.\nThe narrative tells the story of an eight-hour struggle on July 22, 1864, that was one of the biggest battles in the final months of the Civil War. The mobile app guides users to specific places where they can view physical traces of the battlefield, remnants of a Civil War fort and rifle pit, and monuments to fallen generals on opposing sides.\nThe 12 tour stops are listed in order of the battlefield events, beginning with the prelude to the battle, followed by stops where the first fighting occurred, proceeding to the site of an intense clash for the strategic high ground, and concluding with the location of the final and most famous combat action of the day. The app provides a recommended tour route, driving directions, and suggestions for parking at each stop. A driver should not attempt to drive while using the tour app but should receive directions from a passenger serving as navigator. A typical tour takes three hours.\nA Battle of Atlanta tour requires more active engagement than a trip to a well-preserved Civil War battlefield park. However, by juxtaposing a narrative account of the combat action with maps, historic images, and present-day visual evidence, visitors using the mobile app can learn about the Battle of Atlanta for the first time or gain fresh insights into the tactical movements and topographic features that figured in the battle's outcome. Touring in pairs or larger groups is a useful way to identify features that a single person might overlook.\nThe mobile app also lends itself to learning about the Battle of Atlanta without an actual visit to the battlefield sites. It presupposes no prior knowledge of military maneuvers and events and can serve as a classroom resource for understanding a major Civil War battle. A companion essay about the Battle of Atlanta, published by Southern Spaces, includes more detailed information about each tour stop, lengthier profiles of opposing army commanders, an account of the battle's aftermath and legacy, and recommendations for additional reading. 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Grant Park: The Battle of Atlanta Cyclorama is an enormous 19th-century panorama painting that depicts combat action and battlefield landmarks in a vivid, true-to-life style.

\r\n

What to See: A visit to the Battle of Atlanta Cyclorama enables contemporary audiences to simulate a 19th-century panorama viewing experience. After visitors to the Atlanta Cyclorama take their seats on a central viewing platform, the entire platform begins a slow, circular rotation in front of the climactic battlefield action. The audience's vantage point is high above the fighting, as if viewing the action from a platform 40 feet off the ground at the present-day intersection of Moreland and DeKalb Avenues.

\r\n

The darkened auditorium excludes any sense of the viewers' real whereabouts, and every aspect of the Cyclorama experience is designed to heighten its visual impact. As the vast panorama appears in front of them, spectators hear a recorded narration of combat scenes, accompanied by background music, gunshots, and other sound effects. Nothing extraneous encroaches on the sprawling display of human figures, animals, landscape, and buildings, all painted in a vivid, true-to-life style.

\r\n

The Atlanta Cyclorama presents a series of battlefield events, starting and ending with the intense confrontation at the Troup Hurt House and the nearby De Gress Battery. As segments of the painting are consecutively illuminated, the audience sees Federal infantry moving forward to restore their broken line; Sherman surveying the battlefield from his headquarters at the Augustus Hurt House; Logan galloping to the front to lead the Union counterattack; a distant cloud of smoke arising from the fighting in Decatur; and a Confederate division charging across the open ground atop Leggett's Hill. Visible throughout the panorama is the battle-torn terrain where for hours opposing troops engaged in close combat.

\r\n

The Battle of Atlanta painting is one of two Civil War battle cycloramas still on display in the United States. The other is the Battle of Gettysburg at the Gettysburg National Military Park. The Atlanta panorama was painted in a Milwaukee studio in 1885–1886 by a group of German and Austrian artists. The painting was first publicly exhibited in Minneapolis in June 1886 and was shown in Indianapolis and Chattanooga before its Atlanta opening in February 1892. A second Battle of Atlanta panorama, completed by the same group of artists in Milwaukee, debuted in Detroit in February 1887. What became of the version shown in Detroit is not known.

","direction_intro","The Cyclorama is located at 800-C Cherokee Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30315, next to Zoo Atlanta in Grant Park. Parking is free. Admission tickets to the cyclorama are sold at the entrance to the building. Check days and hours of operation before visiting. ","direction_notes","icon_color","#D32F2F","lat",33.73417189,"lng",-84.3716749,[136,137,138,139],"Grant Park: Nineteenth-century cycloramas, enormous circular paintings exhibited in specially designed round or polygonal buildings, achieved great popularity.","orphaned","parking_lat",33.734581,"parking_lng",-84.373047,"Grant Park: The Battle of Atlanta Cyclorama is an enormous 19th-century panorama painting that depicts combat action and battlefield landmarks in a vivid, true-to-life style.\r\nWhat to See: A visit to the Battle of Atlanta Cyclorama enables contemporary audiences to simulate a 19th-century panorama viewing experience. After visitors to the Atlanta Cyclorama take their seats on a central viewing platform, the entire platform begins a slow, circular rotation in front of the climactic battlefield action. The audience's vantage point is high above the fighting, as if viewing the action from a platform 40 feet off the ground at the present-day intersection of Moreland and DeKalb Avenues.\r\nThe darkened auditorium excludes any sense of the viewers' real whereabouts, and every aspect of the Cyclorama experience is designed to heighten its visual impact. As the vast panorama appears in front of them, spectators hear a recorded narration of combat scenes, accompanied by background music, gunshots, and other sound effects. Nothing extraneous encroaches on the sprawling display of human figures, animals, landscape, and buildings, all painted in a vivid, true-to-life style.\r\nThe Atlanta Cyclorama presents a series of battlefield events, starting and ending with the intense confrontation at the Troup Hurt House and the nearby De Gress Battery. As segments of the painting are consecutively illuminated, the audience sees Federal infantry moving forward to restore their broken line; Sherman surveying the battlefield from his headquarters at the Augustus Hurt House; Logan galloping to the front to lead the Union counterattack; a distant cloud of smoke arising from the fighting in Decatur; and a Confederate division charging across the open ground atop Leggett's Hill. Visible throughout the panorama is the battle-torn terrain where for hours opposing troops engaged in close combat.\r\nThe Battle of Atlanta painting is one of two Civil War battle cycloramas still on display in the United States. The other is the Battle of Gettysburg at the Gettysburg National Military Park. The Atlanta panorama was painted in a Milwaukee studio in 1885–1886 by a group of German and Austrian artists. The painting was first publicly exhibited in Minneapolis in June 1886 and was shown in Indianapolis and Chattanooga before its Atlanta opening in February 1892. A second Battle of Atlanta panorama, completed by the same group of artists in Milwaukee, debuted in Detroit in February 1887. What became of the version shown in Detroit is not known.","grant-park-and-cyclorama",[123,123],{"_72":131,"_132":133,"_134":135},"Grant Park and Cyclorama","stop","video_embed","video_poster",[],"Grant Park and Cyclorama, Stop 12, The Battle of Atlanta: History and Remembrance","caption","The Battle of Atlanta Cyclorama, an enormous, nineteenth-century panorama painting, depicts combat action and battlefield landmarks in a vivid, true-to-life style. \n\nTake the tour at http://battleATL.org.\n\nRead more at http://southernspaces.org/2014/battle-atlanta-history-and-remembrance#grantpark.","url","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/boocq379xj69ak9tna837tufy8sa?variant=desktop",{"_100":101,"_97":22,"_132":133,"_142":196,"_144":197,"_145":198,"_146":199,"_148":200,"_33":101,"_151":201,"_152":202,"_154":199,"_155":203,"_157":204,"_72":131,"_160":198},{"_100":184,"_97":185,"_132":186,"_142":187,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":188,"_148":189,"_33":140,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":188,"_155":156,"_157":190,"_72":159,"_160":-5},{"_100":171,"_97":172,"_132":173,"_142":174,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":175,"_148":176,"_33":177,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":175,"_155":156,"_157":178,"_72":159,"_160":-5},{"_100":140,"_97":101,"_132":141,"_142":143,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":149,"_33":150,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":147,"_155":156,"_157":158,"_72":159,"_160":-5},59,"Union Major General John A. Logan, riding Slasher. Minneapolis Cyclorama promotional flyer, ca. 1886.","desktop_width",574,"embed","embed_id","filename","Logan_on_Horseback_Promotional_Flyer.jpg","files",{"_161":162,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":168,"_169":170},61,"lqip_width","mobile_width",200,"original_image","provider","keiner","tablet_width",430,"Cyclorama","video","original","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/qi7v43vrbbsacv35ozonmrcrehbc","mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/qi7v43vrbbsacv35ozonmrcrehbc?variant=mobile","tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/qi7v43vrbbsacv35ozonmrcrehbc?variant=tablet","desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/qi7v43vrbbsacv35ozonmrcrehbc?variant=desktop","lqip","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/qi7v43vrbbsacv35ozonmrcrehbc?variant=lqip",58,3,"Cyclorama brochures, 1887 to present. Compiled by Christopher Sawula, 2013.",992,"Cyclorama_Covers_in_Sequence.jpg",{"_161":179,"_163":180,"_165":181,"_167":182,"_169":183},60,768,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/s1nvro6brdebt2xkqb1qgd8t5mzx","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/s1nvro6brdebt2xkqb1qgd8t5mzx?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/s1nvro6brdebt2xkqb1qgd8t5mzx?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/s1nvro6brdebt2xkqb1qgd8t5mzx?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/s1nvro6brdebt2xkqb1qgd8t5mzx?variant=lqip",57,2,"Original cyclorama building, Grant Park, Atlanta, Georgia, erected 1898. Color postcard, ca. 1910.",612,"Grant_Park_Entrance_Cyclorama_color_1910_1.jpg",{"_161":191,"_163":192,"_165":193,"_167":194,"_169":195},459,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/tw1q7ykus64uxlp9jz92xphop62h","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/tw1q7ykus64uxlp9jz92xphop62h?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/tw1q7ykus64uxlp9jz92xphop62h?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/tw1q7ykus64uxlp9jz92xphop62h?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/tw1q7ykus64uxlp9jz92xphop62h?variant=lqip",480,"//www.youtube.com/embed/lemgn2XEs3Y","lemgn2XEs3Y","lemgn2XEs3Y.jpg",{"_161":205,"_163":206,"_165":207,"_167":135,"_169":208},5,300,"youtube",400,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/boocq379xj69ak9tna837tufy8sa","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/boocq379xj69ak9tna837tufy8sa?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/boocq379xj69ak9tna837tufy8sa?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/boocq379xj69ak9tna837tufy8sa?variant=lqip","troup-hurt-house-and-de-gress-battery","Troup Hurt House and De Gress Battery",{"_33":101,"_62":123,"_72":126},11,{"_33":287,"_62":288,"_72":289},"http://southernspaces.org/2014/battle-atlanta-history-and-remembrance#trouphurt","

Degress Avenue: Site of two famous moments in the Battle of Atlanta: the Confederate capture of the Troup Hurt House and the De Gress Battery and the successful Yankee counterattack.

\r\n

What to See: The Troup Hurt House, no longer standing, is featured prominently in the Battle of Atlanta Cyclorama painting on high ground north of the Georgia Railroad (now the right of way for the MARTA commuter line and CSX railroad). The site is now occupied by a privately owned home, a converted church that was originally built in 1907.

\r\n

The most famous moments in the Battle of Atlanta occurred at this site: a mid-afternoon Confederate assault on the entrenched Federal 15th Corps, followed shortly by a Union counterattack. The Cyclorama painting depicts the decisive moment, at approximately 4:30 p.m., when Federal Major General John A. Logan rallied his troops to restore the broken Union line and turn back the attacking Confederates.

\r\n

Brigadier General Arthur M. Manigault's brigade had spearheaded the mid-afternoon Confederate assault. Manigault's troops, followed by Colonel Jacob H. Sharp's brigade of Brown's Confederate Division, drove a wedge through the Union line at the railroad cut near the present-day Inman Park MARTA station, poured through the opening, and forced the Yankee defenders to retreat. Manigault's troops fanned out to the north and captured the Troup Hurt House and Captain Francis De Gress's 20-pound Parrott battery of four guns.

\r\n

A historic marker at the north end of Degress Avenue, before it turns sharply east, indicates the location of the De Gress battery. Together, the combined action of Manigault's brigade and other elements of Brown's and Clayton's Confederate Divisions opened a half-mile gap in the Union line that if further exploited could have turned the tide of the battle. However, the Rebel successes were short-lived, and they were soon driven back by a ferocious Union counterattack. General Sherman, observing the battlefield action from his position three-fourths of a mile north of the Troup Hurt House, directed cannon fire against the Rebel front and behind it, thwarting further gains and preventing reinforcements.

\r\n

Union Major General John A. Logan, who earlier that afternoon had replaced the fallen Major General James B. McPherson as commander of the Army of the Tennessee, gathered reinforcements and led the successful infantry counteroffensive. The Federal troops did not pursue their retreating foes, and fighting in the vicinity of the Troup Hurt House came to a close. Combat continued until dark at Leggett's Hill.

","Georgia Historical Commission markers near the midpoint and north end of Degress Avenue mark the sites of the Troup Hurt House and De Gress Battery, respectively. Park on the street and walk to the markers. ",33.75917676,-84.35213744,[230,231,232,233,234],"Degress Avenue: The most famous moments in the Battle of Atlanta were a fierce mid-afternoon Confederate assault on the entrenched Federal 15th Corps follow.",33.759106,-84.352047,"Degress Avenue: Site of two famous moments in the Battle of Atlanta: the Confederate capture of the Troup Hurt House and the De Gress Battery and the successful Yankee counterattack.\r\nWhat to See: The Troup Hurt House, no longer standing, is featured prominently in the Battle of Atlanta Cyclorama painting on high ground north of the Georgia Railroad (now the right of way for the MARTA commuter line and CSX railroad). The site is now occupied by a privately owned home, a converted church that was originally built in 1907.\r\nThe most famous moments in the Battle of Atlanta occurred at this site: a mid-afternoon Confederate assault on the entrenched Federal 15th Corps, followed shortly by a Union counterattack. The Cyclorama painting depicts the decisive moment, at approximately 4:30 p. m., when Federal Major General John A. Logan rallied his troops to restore the broken Union line and turn back the attacking Confederates.\r\nBrigadier General Arthur M. Manigault's brigade had spearheaded the mid-afternoon Confederate assault. Manigault's troops, followed by Colonel Jacob H. Sharp's brigade of Brown's Confederate Division, drove a wedge through the Union line at the railroad cut near the present-day Inman Park MARTA station, poured through the opening, and forced the Yankee defenders to retreat. Manigault's troops fanned out to the north and captured the Troup Hurt House and Captain Francis De Gress's 20-pound Parrott battery of four guns.\r\nA historic marker at the north end of Degress Avenue, before it turns sharply east, indicates the location of the De Gress battery. Together, the combined action of Manigault's brigade and other elements of Brown's and Clayton's Confederate Divisions opened a half-mile gap in the Union line that if further exploited could have turned the tide of the battle. However, the Rebel successes were short-lived, and they were soon driven back by a ferocious Union counterattack. General Sherman, observing the battlefield action from his position three-fourths of a mile north of the Troup Hurt House, directed cannon fire against the Rebel front and behind it, thwarting further gains and preventing reinforcements.\r\nUnion Major General John A. Logan, who earlier that afternoon had replaced the fallen Major General James B. McPherson as commander of the Army of the Tennessee, gathered reinforcements and led the successful infantry counteroffensive. The Federal troops did not pursue their retreating foes, and fighting in the vicinity of the Troup Hurt House came to a close. Combat continued until dark at Leggett's Hill. ",[209,209],{"_72":227,"_132":228,"_134":229},[],"Troup Hurt House and De Gress Battery, Stop 11, The Battle of Atlanta: History and Remembrance","The Confederate capture of the Troup Hurt House and the De Gress Battery, followed by a successful Yankee counterattack, were the climactic events in the Battle of Atlanta.\n\nTake the tour at http://battleATL.org.\n\nRead more at http://southernspaces.org/2014/battle-atlanta-history-and-remembrance#trouphurt.","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/vuk45x3ksfk9bljouuppuwnmiqwx?variant=desktop",{"_100":201,"_97":22,"_132":228,"_142":196,"_144":279,"_145":280,"_146":281,"_148":282,"_33":201,"_151":201,"_152":202,"_154":281,"_155":203,"_157":204,"_72":227,"_160":280},{"_100":268,"_97":185,"_132":269,"_142":270,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":271,"_148":272,"_33":235,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":271,"_155":156,"_157":273,"_72":210,"_160":-5},{"_100":257,"_97":172,"_132":258,"_142":259,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":260,"_148":261,"_33":246,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":260,"_155":156,"_157":262,"_72":210,"_160":-5},{"_100":246,"_97":101,"_132":247,"_142":248,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":249,"_148":250,"_33":184,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":249,"_155":156,"_157":251,"_72":210,"_160":-5},{"_100":235,"_97":201,"_132":236,"_142":237,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":238,"_148":239,"_33":171,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":238,"_155":156,"_157":240,"_72":210,"_160":-5},56,"Capture of De Gress Battery by Confederate infantry, Joseph M. Brown, The Mountain Campaigns of Georgia: Or, War Scenes on the W. and A. (Buffalo, New York: Art-Printing Works of Matthews, Northrup, and Company, 1890), 69.",510,"Capture_of_Degress_Battery.jpg",{"_161":241,"_163":242,"_165":243,"_167":244,"_169":245},382,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/9m9my2u6ywfx315npnn9qd69hq2g","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/9m9my2u6ywfx315npnn9qd69hq2g?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/9m9my2u6ywfx315npnn9qd69hq2g?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/9m9my2u6ywfx315npnn9qd69hq2g?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/9m9my2u6ywfx315npnn9qd69hq2g?variant=lqip",55,"A twenty-pound Parrott Gun and its crew at Fort Richardson, Arlington Heights, Virginia, 1861-1865. The De Gress Battery was comprised of four rifled cannons of this type. Albumen Print, ca. 1865.",644,"1st_Conn_Artillery_Ft_Richardson_Arlington_Heights_VA_20_Pound_Parrott.jpg",{"_161":252,"_163":253,"_165":254,"_167":255,"_169":256},483,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/bxp21md4jw5b096soklzn0m46pi4","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/bxp21md4jw5b096soklzn0m46pi4?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/bxp21md4jw5b096soklzn0m46pi4?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/bxp21md4jw5b096soklzn0m46pi4?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/bxp21md4jw5b096soklzn0m46pi4?variant=lqip",53,"The Troup Hurt House and the four-gun De Gress Battery (right of the house), which were temporarily captured by Confederate infantry on the afternoon of July 22, 1864, Battle of Atlanta Cyclorama, 1886. Painting by the Atlanta Panorama Company.",606,"Troup_Hurt_and_Degress_Battery.jpg",{"_161":263,"_163":264,"_165":265,"_167":266,"_169":267},455,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/i9al4p0m5yq0hcpmmbu29q9jh8eq","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/i9al4p0m5yq0hcpmmbu29q9jh8eq?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/i9al4p0m5yq0hcpmmbu29q9jh8eq?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/i9al4p0m5yq0hcpmmbu29q9jh8eq?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/i9al4p0m5yq0hcpmmbu29q9jh8eq?variant=lqip",54,"Troup Hurt House site and location of present-day converted church, Degress Avenue, Atlanta, Georgia, May 10, 2014. Photograph by Daniel Pollock.",604,"DSC_0058.JPG",{"_161":274,"_163":275,"_165":276,"_167":277,"_169":278},453,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/fjepjv8oeuhrty2iksbsvsz4fq28","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/fjepjv8oeuhrty2iksbsvsz4fq28?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/fjepjv8oeuhrty2iksbsvsz4fq28?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/fjepjv8oeuhrty2iksbsvsz4fq28?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/fjepjv8oeuhrty2iksbsvsz4fq28?variant=lqip","//www.youtube.com/embed/hEsWz_LfFWE","hEsWz_LfFWE","hEsWz_LfFWE.jpg",{"_161":283,"_163":284,"_165":285,"_167":229,"_169":286},"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/vuk45x3ksfk9bljouuppuwnmiqwx","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/vuk45x3ksfk9bljouuppuwnmiqwx?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/vuk45x3ksfk9bljouuppuwnmiqwx?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/vuk45x3ksfk9bljouuppuwnmiqwx?variant=lqip",9,"battlefield-terrain","Battlefield Terrain",{"_33":201,"_62":209,"_72":210},10,{"_33":67,"_62":340,"_72":341},"http://southernspaces.org/2014/battle-atlanta-history-and-remembrance#springvale","

Springvale Park: Rolling terrain at this site is a remnant of the Civil War–era countryside outside Atlanta. From this spot, Confederate troops launched an attack against the nearby entrenched Federal line on July 22, 1864.

\r\n

What to See: This section of Springvale Park suggests Atlanta's battlefield terrain in 1864: a rolling, thickly wooded countryside riven with deep hollows, barren knolls, and widely separated tracts of cleared land. A narrow window of opportunity to preserve more of the city's battlefields was missed when they were omitted from the initial set of national military parks that the federal government established in the 1890s. That decade was a critical time for preserving Civil War battlefields.

\r\n

At that time, many sites remained largely untouched and many veterans with personal knowledge of the battles could recall troop movements, positions, and combat encounters. Further, the post-war reconciliation between white Americans was ascendant, and veterans from both sides joined unified efforts aimed at securing federal support for battlefield preservation.

\r\n

However, the veteran generation soon ran into Congressional opposition to further funding for battleground conservation, and Congress refused to add Atlanta to the list of national military parks. The next, national wave of Civil War battlefield preservation peaked in the 1920s and 1930s, but by then it was too late to properly save Atlanta's battlefields. A local campaign in 1937 seeking federal funds to preserve what remained of the city's battlegrounds was unsuccessful, despite renewed enthusiasm for Civil War preservation spurred by the popularity of Margaret Mitchell's Gone with the Wind.

\r\n

A Georgia Historical Commission marker titled \"Springvale Park\" and a nearby commemorative monument erected by the Sons of Confederate Veterans identify this site as the location where Confederate Brigadier General Arthur M. Manigualt's brigade stopped, reformed its line, and launched its attack against the Federal 15th Corps, entrenched approximately 400 yards northwest.

\r\n

Manigault's troops charged through a railroad cut in the vicinity of the Inman Park MARTA Station, breaking the Union line, and then briefly seized the Troup Hurt House and the four guns of Captain Francis De Gress's battery. More Confederate units followed Manigault's Brigade in an attack that dislodged the center of the Federal 15th Corps across a half-mile front.

","A remnant of battlefield terrain is located in the southwest section of Springvale Park, near the intersection of Waverly Way and Edgewood Avenue. Park on Waverly Way, walk into the park, and look for a historical marker titled \"Springvale Park\" in the ravine below street level. ",33.75645163,-84.3572224,[309,310,311],"Springvale Park: Offers a unique opportunity to see how Atlanta would have looked during the Battle of Atlanta. Marks where Confederates found a weak spot and broke through the Union lines.",33.756332,-84.357397,"Springvale Park: Rolling terrain at this site is a remnant of the Civil War–era countryside outside Atlanta. From this spot, Confederate troops launched an attack against the nearby entrenched Federal line on July 22, 1864.\r\nWhat to See: This section of Springvale Park suggests Atlanta's battlefield terrain in 1864: a rolling, thickly wooded countryside riven with deep hollows, barren knolls, and widely separated tracts of cleared land. A narrow window of opportunity to preserve more of the city's battlefields was missed when they were omitted from the initial set of national military parks that the federal government established in the 1890s. That decade was a critical time for preserving Civil War battlefields.\r\nAt that time, many sites remained largely untouched and many veterans with personal knowledge of the battles could recall troop movements, positions, and combat encounters. Further, the post-war reconciliation between white Americans was ascendant, and veterans from both sides joined unified efforts aimed at securing federal support for battlefield preservation.\r\nHowever, the veteran generation soon ran into Congressional opposition to further funding for battleground conservation, and Congress refused to add Atlanta to the list of national military parks. The next, national wave of Civil War battlefield preservation peaked in the 1920s and 1930s, but by then it was too late to properly save Atlanta's battlefields. A local campaign in 1937 seeking federal funds to preserve what remained of the city's battlegrounds was unsuccessful, despite renewed enthusiasm for Civil War preservation spurred by the popularity of Margaret Mitchell's Gone with the Wind.\r\nA Georgia Historical Commission marker titled \"Springvale Park\" and a nearby commemorative monument erected by the Sons of Confederate Veterans identify this site as the location where Confederate Brigadier General Arthur M. Manigualt's brigade stopped, reformed its line, and launched its attack against the Federal 15th Corps, entrenched approximately 400 yards northwest.\r\nManigault's troops charged through a railroad cut in the vicinity of the Inman Park MARTA Station, breaking the Union line, and then briefly seized the Troup Hurt House and the four guns of Captain Francis De Gress's battery. More Confederate units followed Manigault's Brigade in an attack that dislodged the center of the Federal 15th Corps across a half-mile front.",[288,288],{"_72":306,"_132":307,"_134":308},[],"Battlefield Terrain, Stop 10, The Battle of Atlanta: History and Remembrance","Two Confederate divisions moved eastward through this sector and aligned themselves for a frontal assault against nearby Federal infantry, an attack that opened the climactic phase of the Battle of Atlanta.\n\nTake the tour at http://battleATL.org.\n\nSee more at: http://southernspaces.org/2014/battle-atlanta-history-and-remembrance#terrain.","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/sj854du54sxw5zjmsm0o63csyjag?variant=desktop",{"_100":287,"_97":22,"_132":307,"_142":196,"_144":332,"_145":333,"_146":334,"_148":335,"_33":287,"_151":201,"_152":202,"_154":334,"_155":203,"_157":204,"_72":306,"_160":333},{"_100":323,"_97":185,"_132":324,"_142":317,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":325,"_148":326,"_33":257,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":325,"_155":156,"_157":204,"_72":289,"_160":-5},{"_100":312,"_97":172,"_132":313,"_142":314,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":315,"_148":316,"_33":268,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":315,"_155":156,"_157":317,"_72":289,"_160":-5},52,"A cut in the Georgia Railroad, where Arthur Manigault’s Brigade spearheaded the Confederate’s attack against an entrenched Union line, Battle of Atlanta Cyclorama Cyclorama, 1886. Painting by the Atlanta Panorama Company.",711,"Railroad_Cut_Cyclorama.jpg",{"_161":318,"_163":319,"_165":320,"_167":321,"_169":322},533,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/6x6wbfl5hoqppoi0lpkmv9pvzaei","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/6x6wbfl5hoqppoi0lpkmv9pvzaei?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/6x6wbfl5hoqppoi0lpkmv9pvzaei?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/6x6wbfl5hoqppoi0lpkmv9pvzaei?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/6x6wbfl5hoqppoi0lpkmv9pvzaei?variant=lqip",51,"Southern Confederate Veterans monument and Georgia Historical Commission marker describing Manigault’s Brigade and its role in the Battle of Atlanta, Springvale Park, Atlanta, Georgia, 2009. Photograph by Matt Miller.","Springvale_Park_Historical_Marker_and_Surrounding_Park.JPG",{"_161":327,"_163":328,"_165":329,"_167":330,"_169":331},"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/sl16mfargm2rk5g3o8l9yqjz4n97","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/sl16mfargm2rk5g3o8l9yqjz4n97?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/sl16mfargm2rk5g3o8l9yqjz4n97?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/sl16mfargm2rk5g3o8l9yqjz4n97?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/sl16mfargm2rk5g3o8l9yqjz4n97?variant=lqip","//www.youtube.com/embed/nDoFfRt1Zis","nDoFfRt1Zis","nDoFfRt1Zis.jpg",{"_161":336,"_163":337,"_165":338,"_167":308,"_169":339},"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/sj854du54sxw5zjmsm0o63csyjag","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/sj854du54sxw5zjmsm0o63csyjag?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/sj854du54sxw5zjmsm0o63csyjag?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/sj854du54sxw5zjmsm0o63csyjag?variant=lqip","confederate-line","Confederate Line",{"_33":287,"_62":288,"_72":289},{"_33":403,"_62":404,"_72":405},"http://southernspaces.org/2014/battle-atlanta-history-and-remembrance#confederateline","

Delta Park: Sector through which two Confederate divisions moved eastward and aligned themselves for a frontal assault against nearby Federal infantry. The attack opened the climactic phase of the Battle of Atlanta.

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What to See: Two Confederate Divisions, commanded by Brigadier General John C. Brown and Major General Henry D. Clayton, moved eastward from behind Atlanta's inner fortifications through this sector on the afternoon of July 22, 1864. As they approached the battlefront east of here, Brown's and Clayton's Divisions aligned for an attack against the Federal 15th Corps, posted just west of present-day Moreland Avenue in a north–south line that straddled the Georgia Railroad (now the right of way for the MARTA commuter line and CSX railroad).

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Brown's Division, spearheaded by Brigadier General Arthur M. Manigault's Brigade, surged against the entrenched Union troops, broke the Yankee line, and briefly captured the Troup Hurt House and the nearby De Gress Battery. This was the most notable Confederate success in the Battle of Atlanta.

\r\n

The assault launched by Brown's and Clayton's divisions was part of a broader Confederate offensive against the Federal Army of the Tennessee, which became a two-pronged attack sometime between 3 and 4 p.m. At that time, Confederate commander General John Bell Hood ordered Major General Benjamin Franklin Cheatham's Corps to join Major General William J. Hardee's Corps. For the first three hours of fighting, Hardee's four divisions mounted attacks against the far left of the Union line, which held Leggett's Hill and an entrenched line south of the Georgia Railroad.

\r\n

Hoping to aid Hardee's troops, Hood instructed Cheatham's Corps to attack the Federal 17th Corps, which remained in control of the hill, and move simultaneously against the Federal 15th Corps, astride the Georgia Railroad. Cheatham mobilized his troops, comprised of Brown's, Clayton's, and Stevenson's divisions, from behind Atlanta's eastern fortifications and deployed them in a battle line that extended for more than a mile. Stevenson, on Cheatham's right, attacked first and charged against the Federal 17th Corps defending Leggett's Hill. Brown and Clayton, Cheatham's middle and left, respectively, followed Stevenson into combat.

","A Georgia Historical Commission marker titled \"Brown's and Clayton's Divisions\" is located in a triangular park at the intersection of Edgewood Avenue and Delta Place. Park on the street, near the marker. ",33.755508,-84.359395,[359,360,361,362],"Delta Park: Part of the Confederate effort to repel the advancing Federal Army of the Tennessee. Here, two Confederate divisions launched a frontal assault in an attempt to break through the Union lines.",33.755431,-84.359604,"Delta Park: Sector through which two Confederate divisions moved eastward and aligned themselves for a frontal assault against nearby Federal infantry. The attack opened the climactic phase of the Battle of Atlanta.\r\nWhat to See: Two Confederate Divisions, commanded by Brigadier General John C. Brown and Major General Henry D. Clayton, moved eastward from behind Atlanta's inner fortifications through this sector on the afternoon of July 22, 1864. As they approached the battlefront east of here, Brown's and Clayton's Divisions aligned for an attack against the Federal 15th Corps, posted just west of present-day Moreland Avenue in a north–south line that straddled the Georgia Railroad (now the right of way for the MARTA commuter line and CSX railroad).\r\nBrown's Division, spearheaded by Brigadier General Arthur M. Manigault's Brigade, surged against the entrenched Union troops, broke the Yankee line, and briefly captured the Troup Hurt House and the nearby De Gress Battery. This was the most notable Confederate success in the Battle of Atlanta.\r\nThe assault launched by Brown's and Clayton's divisions was part of a broader Confederate offensive against the Federal Army of the Tennessee, which became a two-pronged attack sometime between 3 and 4 p. m. At that time, Confederate commander General John Bell Hood ordered Major General Benjamin Franklin Cheatham's Corps to join Major General William J. Hardee's Corps. For the first three hours of fighting, Hardee's four divisions mounted attacks against the far left of the Union line, which held Leggett's Hill and an entrenched line south of the Georgia Railroad.\r\nHoping to aid Hardee's troops, Hood instructed Cheatham's Corps to attack the Federal 17th Corps, which remained in control of the hill, and move simultaneously against the Federal 15th Corps, astride the Georgia Railroad. Cheatham mobilized his troops, comprised of Brown's, Clayton's, and Stevenson's divisions, from behind Atlanta's eastern fortifications and deployed them in a battle line that extended for more than a mile. Stevenson, on Cheatham's right, attacked first and charged against the Federal 17th Corps defending Leggett's Hill. Brown and Clayton, Cheatham's middle and left, respectively, followed Stevenson into combat.",[340,340],{"_72":341,"_132":357,"_134":358},[],"4 p.m., July 22, 1864.","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/yduaozw5j1ha02ard87d7khfddl8?variant=desktop",{"_100":394,"_97":22,"_132":357,"_142":395,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":396,"_148":397,"_33":363,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":396,"_155":156,"_157":398,"_72":341,"_160":-5},{"_100":67,"_97":185,"_132":383,"_142":196,"_144":384,"_145":385,"_146":386,"_148":387,"_33":67,"_151":201,"_152":202,"_154":386,"_155":203,"_157":204,"_72":388,"_160":385},{"_100":372,"_97":172,"_132":373,"_142":374,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":375,"_148":376,"_33":323,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":375,"_155":156,"_157":377,"_72":341,"_160":-5},{"_100":363,"_97":101,"_132":364,"_142":270,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":365,"_148":366,"_33":312,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":365,"_155":156,"_157":273,"_72":341,"_160":-5},50,"Historical marker of Confederate line prior to Battle of Atlanta attack, Inman Park, Atlanta, Georgia, May 10, 2014. Photograph by Daniel Pollock.","DSC_0053.JPG",{"_161":367,"_163":368,"_165":369,"_167":370,"_169":371},"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/uruuchkp3lmwn0d1itjg83dc59yh","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/uruuchkp3lmwn0d1itjg83dc59yh?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/uruuchkp3lmwn0d1itjg83dc59yh?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/uruuchkp3lmwn0d1itjg83dc59yh?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/uruuchkp3lmwn0d1itjg83dc59yh?variant=lqip",49,"Confederate Major General Benjamin F. Cheathem, ca. 1865. Wet collodion.",264,"Maj._Gen._Benjamin_Cheathem.jpg",{"_161":378,"_163":379,"_165":380,"_167":381,"_169":382},198,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/cweg6f538vghxvcmqpqw10ljf7c1","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/cweg6f538vghxvcmqpqw10ljf7c1?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/cweg6f538vghxvcmqpqw10ljf7c1?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/cweg6f538vghxvcmqpqw10ljf7c1?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/cweg6f538vghxvcmqpqw10ljf7c1?variant=lqip","Two Confederate divisions moved eastward through this sector and aligned themselves for a frontal assault against nearby Federal infantry, an attack that opened the climactic phase of the Battle of Atlanta.\n\nTake the tour at http://battleATL.org.\n\nRead more at http://southernspaces.org/2014/battle-atlanta-history-and-remembrance#confederateline.","//www.youtube.com/embed/bljWjVCUg8I","bljWjVCUg8I","bljWjVCUg8I.jpg",{"_161":389,"_163":390,"_165":391,"_167":392,"_169":393},"Confederate Line, Stop 9, The Battle of Atlanta: History and Remembrance","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/k8b5slfd4giemf70fagca2x8ctwg","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/k8b5slfd4giemf70fagca2x8ctwg?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/k8b5slfd4giemf70fagca2x8ctwg?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/k8b5slfd4giemf70fagca2x8ctwg?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/k8b5slfd4giemf70fagca2x8ctwg?variant=lqip",48,232,"BOA_Map3_v09optimized.png",{"_161":399,"_163":400,"_165":401,"_167":358,"_169":402},174,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/yduaozw5j1ha02ard87d7khfddl8","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/yduaozw5j1ha02ard87d7khfddl8?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/yduaozw5j1ha02ard87d7khfddl8?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/yduaozw5j1ha02ard87d7khfddl8?variant=lqip",7,"leggett-s-hill","Leggett's Hill",{"_33":67,"_62":340,"_72":341},8,{"_33":407,"_62":470,"_72":471},"http://southernspaces.org/2014/battle-atlanta-history-and-remembrance#leggett","

Moreland Avenue: Scene of intense fighting on July 21 and 22, 1864, Leggett's Hill was the highest ground between Atlanta and Decatur and the most important strategic position in the Battle of Atlanta.

\r\n

What to See: Bald Hill—named Leggett's Hill by the Yankees after the struggle for its control on July 22, 1864—was the highest elevation on the north–south ridge line along which present-day Moreland Avenue is located and also the high point between Atlanta and Decatur. It was the scene of some of the most ferocious fighting in the Battle of Atlanta. Brigadier General Mortimer D. Leggett's Union Division had captured the round-topped hill on July 21 and successfully defended it the next day.

\r\n

When the Confederates failed to dislodge the Federals on July 22, they ceded control of the most important strategic position east of the city. Leggett's Hill remained a visible battlefield landmark until the early 1960s, when it was leveled during construction of I-20. The ridge line along Moreland Avenue is evident from the downslope of the east–west streets that intersect it.

\r\n

As shown in the Cyclorama painting, the hill crested across an open field that stretched from north to south for over a quarter of a mile. Its largely cleared north, south, and western sides rose gently; the eastern face was relatively steep and wooded. By securing the summit on July 21, the northerners won a commanding view of the entire battlefield and a site from which they could fire cannon shot into Atlanta, two miles away.

\r\n

The next day, the Confederate Division that had been forced off the hill, Major General Patrick R. Cleburne's Division of Hardee's Corps, led the offensive that attempted to retake it. The opposing troops encountered each other at murderously close range and at times engaged in hand-to-hand combat, aided by bayonet and clubbed rifles.

\r\n

Some Federal units entrenched on the hill fended off Confederate attacks from the flank, rear, and front, jumping from one side of their earthworks to the other to repel charges. Only late in the afternoon when the southerners launched their most coordinated attack did they compress the Federal forces on Leggett's Hill and threaten a serious rupture in the Union line. They came close to dislodging the Yankees from the strategic high ground before being checked. A key component of the Confederate's surge, Major General Carter L. Stevenson's Confederate Division advancing against Leggett's Division, is depicted in the Cyclorama.

","The Leggett’s Hill site is at the intersection of I-20 and Moreland Avenue. Park on Flat Shoals Avenue, southeast of this intersection, near the north end of the dead-end street. Walk to a vantage point facing the I-20 interchange where you can see two Georgia Historical Commission markers on the west side of Moreland Avenue as it passes over I-20.",33.74413,-84.348848,[425,426,427,428],"Moreland Avenue: The scene of the most ferocious fighting in the Battle of Atlanta. Captured on July 21 by Federal forces, Leggett’s Hill allowed an ideal position to train cannon fire Confederate troops during the Battle of Atlanta.",33.743624,-84.348835,"Moreland Avenue: Scene of intense fighting on July 21 and 22, 1864, Leggett's Hill was the highest ground between Atlanta and Decatur and the most important strategic position in the Battle of Atlanta.\r\nWhat to See: Bald Hill—named Leggett's Hill by the Yankees after the struggle for its control on July 22, 1864—was the highest elevation on the north–south ridge line along which present-day Moreland Avenue is located and also the high point between Atlanta and Decatur. It was the scene of some of the most ferocious fighting in the Battle of Atlanta. Brigadier General Mortimer D. Leggett's Union Division had captured the round-topped hill on July 21 and successfully defended it the next day.\r\nWhen the Confederates failed to dislodge the Federals on July 22, they ceded control of the most important strategic position east of the city. Leggett's Hill remained a visible battlefield landmark until the early 1960s, when it was leveled during construction of I-20. The ridge line along Moreland Avenue is evident from the downslope of the east–west streets that intersect it.\r\nAs shown in the Cyclorama painting, the hill crested across an open field that stretched from north to south for over a quarter of a mile. Its largely cleared north, south, and western sides rose gently; the eastern face was relatively steep and wooded. By securing the summit on July 21, the northerners won a commanding view of the entire battlefield and a site from which they could fire cannon shot into Atlanta, two miles away.\r\nThe next day, the Confederate Division that had been forced off the hill, Major General Patrick R. Cleburne's Division of Hardee's Corps, led the offensive that attempted to retake it. The opposing troops encountered each other at murderously close range and at times engaged in hand-to-hand combat, aided by bayonet and clubbed rifles.\r\nSome Federal units entrenched on the hill fended off Confederate attacks from the flank, rear, and front, jumping from one side of their earthworks to the other to repel charges. Only late in the afternoon when the southerners launched their most coordinated attack did they compress the Federal forces on Leggett's Hill and threaten a serious rupture in the Union line. They came close to dislodging the Yankees from the strategic high ground before being checked. A key component of the Confederate's surge, Major General Carter L. Stevenson's Confederate Division advancing against Leggett's Division, is depicted in the Cyclorama.",[404,404],{"_72":422,"_132":423,"_134":424},[],"Leggett's Hill, Stop 8, The Battle of Atlanta: History and Remembrance","Entrenched Union infantry on Leggett's Hill held off intense attacks by Confederate troops, that attempted to capture the high ground at this location, the most important strategic position in the Battle of Atlanta.\n\nTake the tour at http://battleATL.org.\n\nRead more at http://southernspaces.org/2014/battle-atlanta-history-and-remembrance#leggett.","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/agjgti1d8q41kwk8f351w7shv7iy?variant=desktop",{"_100":403,"_97":22,"_132":423,"_142":196,"_144":462,"_145":463,"_146":464,"_148":465,"_33":403,"_151":201,"_152":202,"_154":464,"_155":203,"_157":204,"_72":422,"_160":463},{"_100":451,"_97":185,"_132":452,"_142":453,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":454,"_148":455,"_33":429,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":454,"_155":156,"_157":456,"_72":405,"_160":-5},{"_100":440,"_97":172,"_132":441,"_142":442,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":443,"_148":444,"_33":394,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":443,"_155":156,"_157":445,"_72":405,"_160":-5},{"_100":429,"_97":101,"_132":430,"_142":431,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":432,"_148":433,"_33":372,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":432,"_155":156,"_157":434,"_72":405,"_160":-5},47,"Union Brigadier General Mortimer D. Leggett.",240,"Mortimer_Leggett_Full_Body_CDV.jpg",{"_161":435,"_163":436,"_165":437,"_167":438,"_169":439},180,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/k53fl3p49h75vyur51t0dppygtcy","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/k53fl3p49h75vyur51t0dppygtcy?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/k53fl3p49h75vyur51t0dppygtcy?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/k53fl3p49h75vyur51t0dppygtcy?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/k53fl3p49h75vyur51t0dppygtcy?variant=lqip",46,"Southeast side of Leggett's Hill, June 24, 1929, Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Photograph by Walter Sparks.",804,"Southeast_Side_of_Leggetts_Hill_June_24_1929.jpg",{"_161":446,"_163":447,"_165":448,"_167":449,"_169":450},603,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/ln4u9c4v1j6bayabcmzxpv681ope","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/ln4u9c4v1j6bayabcmzxpv681ope?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/ln4u9c4v1j6bayabcmzxpv681ope?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/ln4u9c4v1j6bayabcmzxpv681ope?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/ln4u9c4v1j6bayabcmzxpv681ope?variant=lqip",45,"Leggett's Hill, high ground east of Atlanta where Confederate infantry repeatedly attacked entrenched Federal troops, Battle of Atlanta Cyclorama, Atlanta, Georgia, 1886. Painting by the Atlanta Panorama Company.",934,"Leggetts_Hill_v._2_Cyclorama.jpg",{"_161":457,"_163":458,"_165":459,"_167":460,"_169":461},701,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/l2cweplrr9twt4fqojtlgm4jsnkn","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/l2cweplrr9twt4fqojtlgm4jsnkn?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/l2cweplrr9twt4fqojtlgm4jsnkn?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/l2cweplrr9twt4fqojtlgm4jsnkn?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/l2cweplrr9twt4fqojtlgm4jsnkn?variant=lqip","//www.youtube.com/embed/Al2UQwxsdnI","Al2UQwxsdnI","Al2UQwxsdnI.jpg",{"_161":466,"_163":467,"_165":468,"_167":424,"_169":469},"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/agjgti1d8q41kwk8f351w7shv7iy","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/agjgti1d8q41kwk8f351w7shv7iy?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/agjgti1d8q41kwk8f351w7shv7iy?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/agjgti1d8q41kwk8f351w7shv7iy?variant=lqip","death-of-gen-mcpherson","Death of Gen. McPherson",{"_33":403,"_62":404,"_72":405},{"_33":22,"_62":548,"_72":549},"http://southernspaces.org/2014/battle-atlanta-history-and-remembrance#mcphersondeath","

McPherson and Monument Avenues: Spot where Federal Major General James B. McPherson, commander of the Army of the Tennessee, was killed by Confederate infantry early in the Battle of Atlanta.

\r\n

What to See: Major General James B. McPherson, commander of the Army of the Tennessee, was the highest ranking Union general killed in combat during the Civil War. McPherson, like Confederate Major General William H. T. Walker, was mortally wounded while conducting reconnaissance. McPherson's death, at age 35, was deeply mourned by Sherman and Grant, both of whom considered him a protégé. In 1877, a group of US Army officers stationed in Atlanta erected the upright cannon monument to memorialize McPherson at the spot where he had been killed.

\r\n

McPherson's fears of the impending attack by the Confederate Army of Tennessee on his vulnerable left flank were realized shortly after noon on July 22, 1864, when he heard the opening shots of the Battle of Atlanta over a mile away. He galloped to the sound of the gunfire and watched Federal 16th Corps infantry and artillery units fend off the initial Confederate assaults.

\r\n

McPherson then turned his attention to a gap in the Federal line between the right of 16th Corps and the left of the 17th Corps, which was at Flat Shoals Road, near Leggett's Hill. The two Confederate divisions on Hardee's left were poised for attack. Major General Patrick R. Cleburne's Division struck first, hitting the seam between the two Union corps. McPherson rode toward this engagement, accompanied by a lone aide, and soon encountered Cleburne's advancing infantry. When McPherson refused to surrender and turned his horse to escape, he was shot from his saddle.

\r\n

The McPherson Monument, like other outdoor memorials erected throughout the post-war era, served as a focal point for public remembrance of the Civil War. Speakers at commemorative events typically honored the valor of individual warriors, their military units, or even the entire cohort that fought in the war. Sectional differences over slavery often were overlooked.

\r\n

When veterans from both sides met in Atlanta for a national Blue-Gray reunion in July 1900, a visit to the McPherson monument was a highlight of the three-day event. The Atlanta Constitution, paraphrasing a Union veteran who spoke at the monument, noted, \"There were neither rebels nor traitors in a cause where all answered the call of constituted authority.\" The Constitution encouraged readers to leave the \"argument as to causes to the historians.\"

","An upright cannon in a small, enclosed green space at McPherson and Monument Avenues marks the spot where Federal Major General James B. McPherson was killed. Park on either street, near the monument. ",33.74411289,-84.34138228,[490,491,492,493,494],"McPherson and Monument Avenues: The spot where General McPherson was killed while surveying forces under his command. He was the highest ranking Union commander killed in combat during the Civil War.",33.744233,-84.341126,"McPherson and Monument Avenues: Spot where Federal Major General James B. McPherson, commander of the Army of the Tennessee, was killed by Confederate infantry early in the Battle of Atlanta.\r\nWhat to See: Major General James B. McPherson, commander of the Army of the Tennessee, was the highest ranking Union general killed in combat during the Civil War. McPherson, like Confederate Major General William H. T. Walker, was mortally wounded while conducting reconnaissance. McPherson's death, at age 35, was deeply mourned by Sherman and Grant, both of whom considered him a protégé. In 1877, a group of US Army officers stationed in Atlanta erected the upright cannon monument to memorialize McPherson at the spot where he had been killed.\r\nMcPherson's fears of the impending attack by the Confederate Army of Tennessee on his vulnerable left flank were realized shortly after noon on July 22, 1864, when he heard the opening shots of the Battle of Atlanta over a mile away. He galloped to the sound of the gunfire and watched Federal 16th Corps infantry and artillery units fend off the initial Confederate assaults.\r\nMcPherson then turned his attention to a gap in the Federal line between the right of 16th Corps and the left of the 17th Corps, which was at Flat Shoals Road, near Leggett's Hill. The two Confederate divisions on Hardee's left were poised for attack. Major General Patrick R. Cleburne's Division struck first, hitting the seam between the two Union corps. McPherson rode toward this engagement, accompanied by a lone aide, and soon encountered Cleburne's advancing infantry. When McPherson refused to surrender and turned his horse to escape, he was shot from his saddle.\r\nThe McPherson Monument, like other outdoor memorials erected throughout the post-war era, served as a focal point for public remembrance of the Civil War. Speakers at commemorative events typically honored the valor of individual warriors, their military units, or even the entire cohort that fought in the war. Sectional differences over slavery often were overlooked.\r\nWhen veterans from both sides met in Atlanta for a national Blue-Gray reunion in July 1900, a visit to the McPherson monument was a highlight of the three-day event. The Atlanta Constitution, paraphrasing a Union veteran who spoke at the monument, noted, \"There were neither rebels nor traitors in a cause where all answered the call of constituted authority.\" The Constitution encouraged readers to leave the \"argument as to causes to the historians.\" ",[470,470],{"_72":487,"_132":488,"_134":489},[],"Death of General McPherson, Stop 7, The Battle of Atlanta: History and Remembrance","A Confederate infantryman killed Major General James B. McPherson, when the commander of the Federal Army of the Tennessee inadvertently rode behind enemy lines early in the Battle of Atlanta.\n\nTake the tour at http://battleATL.org.\n\nRead more at http://southernspaces.org/2014/battle-atlanta-history-and-remembrance#mcphersondeath.","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/mmtpg5e9x3jbfcpt4m468yay3coq?variant=desktop",{"_100":407,"_97":22,"_132":488,"_142":196,"_144":540,"_145":541,"_146":542,"_148":543,"_33":407,"_151":201,"_152":202,"_154":542,"_155":203,"_157":204,"_72":487,"_160":541},{"_100":523,"_97":185,"_132":530,"_142":445,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":531,"_148":532,"_33":451,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":531,"_155":156,"_157":533,"_72":534,"_160":-5},{"_100":518,"_97":172,"_132":519,"_142":520,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":521,"_148":522,"_33":523,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":521,"_155":156,"_157":524,"_72":501,"_160":-5},{"_100":507,"_97":101,"_132":508,"_142":509,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":510,"_148":511,"_33":495,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":510,"_155":156,"_157":512,"_72":501,"_160":-5},{"_100":495,"_97":201,"_132":496,"_142":497,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":498,"_148":499,"_33":440,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":498,"_155":156,"_157":500,"_72":501,"_160":-5},44,"Scene of General McPherson's death, Atlanta, Georgia, ca. 1864. Wet collodion by George H. Barnard.",378,"Spot_where_McPherson_died.jpg",{"_161":502,"_163":503,"_165":504,"_167":505,"_169":506},284,"Death of McPherson","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/nf14u5960nun8dktppv1smsyowio","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/nf14u5960nun8dktppv1smsyowio?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/nf14u5960nun8dktppv1smsyowio?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/nf14u5960nun8dktppv1smsyowio?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/nf14u5960nun8dktppv1smsyowio?variant=lqip",42,"Death of General McPherson. Illustration by James E. Taylor, 1888. Courtesy of Notre Dame Archives.",575,"Death_of_General_McPherson.jpg",{"_161":513,"_163":514,"_165":515,"_167":516,"_169":517},431,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/eh5ex62hlembbrhfrva4xoi6pkdd","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/eh5ex62hlembbrhfrva4xoi6pkdd?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/eh5ex62hlembbrhfrva4xoi6pkdd?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/eh5ex62hlembbrhfrva4xoi6pkdd?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/eh5ex62hlembbrhfrva4xoi6pkdd?variant=lqip",41,"Union Major General James B. McPherson. Carte de visite, albumen print.",301,"McPherson_Face_Foward.jpg",{"_161":525,"_163":526,"_165":527,"_167":528,"_169":529},43,226,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/iyhcfk6dnq7rukppk305lw1l3t6q","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/iyhcfk6dnq7rukppk305lw1l3t6q?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/iyhcfk6dnq7rukppk305lw1l3t6q?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/iyhcfk6dnq7rukppk305lw1l3t6q?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/iyhcfk6dnq7rukppk305lw1l3t6q?variant=lqip","Blue-Gray reunion at the McPherson Monument, Albert Shaw, center-forward, with umbrella, July 1900. Illustration.","monument_postcard_with_vets.jpg",{"_161":535,"_163":536,"_165":537,"_167":538,"_169":539},452,"Reunion","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/mysbo3cetaahyphc9lbuphoc3ine","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/mysbo3cetaahyphc9lbuphoc3ine?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/mysbo3cetaahyphc9lbuphoc3ine?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/mysbo3cetaahyphc9lbuphoc3ine?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/mysbo3cetaahyphc9lbuphoc3ine?variant=lqip","//www.youtube.com/embed/hbbrt0QfN-4","hbbrt0QfN-4","hbbrt0QfN-4.jpg",{"_161":544,"_163":545,"_165":546,"_167":489,"_169":547},"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/mmtpg5e9x3jbfcpt4m468yay3coq","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/mmtpg5e9x3jbfcpt4m468yay3coq?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/mmtpg5e9x3jbfcpt4m468yay3coq?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/mmtpg5e9x3jbfcpt4m468yay3coq?variant=lqip","where-the-battle-began","Where the Battle Began",{"_33":407,"_62":470,"_72":471},6,{"_33":291,"_62":627,"_72":628},"http://southernspaces.org/2014/battle-atlanta-history-and-remembrance#alonzocrim","

Alonzo Crim High School: Site where Federal infantry and artillery batteries, positioned on high ground, fended off the opening Confederate attack in the Battle of Atlanta.

\r\n

What to See: The high ground on which you are standing was occupied by Union infantry and artillery when the Battle of Atlanta began shortly after noon on July 22, 1864. The three brigades that comprised the Yankee line in this sector faced south and east. Their line extended for approximately three-fourths of a mile from present-day Clay Street (a country road in 1864), located to the northeast, toward the present-day McPherson Monument (McPherson and Monument Avenues, stop seven on this tour) to the southwest. Federal artillery batteries, also facing south and east, were placed on the hill where the high school now sits.

\r\n

The opening of the Battle of Atlanta was an unexpected clash. The battle began when the two Confederate divisions under the command of Brigadier General Hugh Mercer (who replaced the fallen General Walker) and Major General William B. Bate emerged from the heavily wooded, underbrush-laden terrain east of Atlanta after their arduous night march. These two divisions, moving north and northwest respectively, charged against a recently formed Yankee line. They did not expect to encounter three brigades with cannons aimed at them from high ground.

\r\n

Most of the Union troops engaged in the opening encounter in the battle were elements of the Federal 16th Corps commanded by Major General Grenville M. Dodge. These troops, three brigades, had been held in reserve and arrived in their positions late in the morning. Division commander Brigadier General Thomas W. Sweeny's two brigades arrived first and were aligned along Clay Road (present-day Clay Street) and an east–west road (present-day Memorial Drive).

\r\n

The third Federal brigade, part of Brigadier General John W. Fuller's Division, moved southward, near Leggett's Hill, and deployed to Sweeny's right. Although the Yankees were concerned about their vulnerability, they did not know if or when their opponents would attack and reinforcements rapidly moved into action after the opening shots. Outnumbered, the Federals prevailed in this initial phase because of the advantageous position of their troops and artillery.

\r\n

The Federal infantry, supported with artillery fire, beat back the charging Confederates, but a Rebel column came close to flanking the brigade under Fuller's command. At this critical moment, Fuller realigned his brigade, which formed a line on either side of its division commander and charged eastward toward the attacking Confederates.

\r\n

Fuller's action is depicted in an 1886 illustration by James E. Taylor that shows the brigadier general planting the national colors and marking the new battle line. Fuller spearheaded a successful counterattack, which brought to an end the first phase of the battle. By repulsing Hardee's two right divisions, the Federal 16th Corps took the sting out of the Confederates' surprise attack.

","The Battle of Atlanta began in the vicinity of present-day Alonzo Crim High School, 256 Clifton Street, at Memorial Drive. Park on Clifton Street, just north of the school and as near to Memorial Drive as possible. Then walk to the Georgia historical marker titled \"An Unexpected Clash\" at the corner of Clifton Street and Memorial Drive. ",33.74717345,-84.33145685,[569,570,571,572,573],"Alonzo Crim High School: The site where, on July 22, 1864, two Confederate divisions launched their attack on the Federal lines and officially initiated the Battle of Atlanta.",33.747579,-84.331818,"Alonzo Crim High School: Site where Federal infantry and artillery batteries, positioned on high ground, fended off the opening Confederate attack in the Battle of Atlanta. \r\nWhat to See: The high ground on which you are standing was occupied by Union infantry and artillery when the Battle of Atlanta began shortly after noon on July 22, 1864. The three brigades that comprised the Yankee line in this sector faced south and east. Their line extended for approximately three-fourths of a mile from present-day Clay Street (a country road in 1864), located to the northeast, toward the present-day McPherson Monument (McPherson and Monument Avenues, stop seven on this tour) to the southwest. Federal artillery batteries, also facing south and east, were placed on the hill where the high school now sits.\r\nThe opening of the Battle of Atlanta was an unexpected clash. The battle began when the two Confederate divisions under the command of Brigadier General Hugh Mercer (who replaced the fallen General Walker) and Major General William B. Bate emerged from the heavily wooded, underbrush-laden terrain east of Atlanta after their arduous night march. These two divisions, moving north and northwest respectively, charged against a recently formed Yankee line. They did not expect to encounter three brigades with cannons aimed at them from high ground.\r\nMost of the Union troops engaged in the opening encounter in the battle were elements of the Federal 16th Corps commanded by Major General Grenville M. Dodge. These troops, three brigades, had been held in reserve and arrived in their positions late in the morning. Division commander Brigadier General Thomas W. Sweeny's two brigades arrived first and were aligned along Clay Road (present-day Clay Street) and an east–west road (present-day Memorial Drive).\r\nThe third Federal brigade, part of Brigadier General John W. Fuller's Division, moved southward, near Leggett's Hill, and deployed to Sweeny's right. Although the Yankees were concerned about their vulnerability, they did not know if or when their opponents would attack and reinforcements rapidly moved into action after the opening shots. Outnumbered, the Federals prevailed in this initial phase because of the advantageous position of their troops and artillery.\r\nThe Federal infantry, supported with artillery fire, beat back the charging Confederates, but a Rebel column came close to flanking the brigade under Fuller's command. At this critical moment, Fuller realigned his brigade, which formed a line on either side of its division commander and charged eastward toward the attacking Confederates.\r\nFuller's action is depicted in an 1886 illustration by James E. Taylor that shows the brigadier general planting the national colors and marking the new battle line. Fuller spearheaded a successful counterattack, which brought to an end the first phase of the battle. By repulsing Hardee's two right divisions, the Federal 16th Corps took the sting out of the Confederates' surprise attack.",[548,548],{"_72":566,"_132":567,"_134":568},[],"Where the Battle Began, Stop 6, The Battle of Atlanta: History and Remembrance","Federal infantry and artillery batteries positioned on high ground in the vicinity of the present-day Alonzo Crim High School fended off the opening Confederate attack in the Battle of Atlanta.\n\nTake the tour at http://battleATL.org.\n\nRead more at http://southernspaces.org/2014/battle-atlanta-history-and-remembrance#battlebegan","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/1ecwfijjjy1kcjf6kdf5ltr4wyer?variant=desktop",{"_100":22,"_97":22,"_132":567,"_142":196,"_144":619,"_145":620,"_146":621,"_148":622,"_33":22,"_151":201,"_152":202,"_154":621,"_155":203,"_157":204,"_72":566,"_160":620},{"_100":607,"_97":185,"_132":608,"_142":609,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":610,"_148":611,"_33":585,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":610,"_155":156,"_157":612,"_72":613,"_160":-5},{"_100":596,"_97":172,"_132":597,"_142":598,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":599,"_148":600,"_33":574,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":599,"_155":156,"_157":601,"_72":549,"_160":-5},{"_100":585,"_97":101,"_132":586,"_142":587,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":588,"_148":589,"_33":518,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":588,"_155":156,"_157":590,"_72":549,"_160":-5},{"_100":574,"_97":201,"_132":575,"_142":576,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":577,"_148":578,"_33":507,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":577,"_155":156,"_157":579,"_72":549,"_160":-5},40,"Union Brigadier General John W. Fuller, ca. 1865.",287,"John_Fuller.jpg",{"_161":580,"_163":581,"_165":582,"_167":583,"_169":584},215,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/b5i9gkke5grwbnt6j81fahzp7qgr","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/b5i9gkke5grwbnt6j81fahzp7qgr?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/b5i9gkke5grwbnt6j81fahzp7qgr?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/b5i9gkke5grwbnt6j81fahzp7qgr?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/b5i9gkke5grwbnt6j81fahzp7qgr?variant=lqip",39,"Union Brigadier General Thomas W. Sweeny, ca. 1865.",265,"Thomas_Sweeny.jpg",{"_161":591,"_163":592,"_165":593,"_167":594,"_169":595},199,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/edu5306gz26nc23xjxz9n4u0j1m3","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/edu5306gz26nc23xjxz9n4u0j1m3?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/edu5306gz26nc23xjxz9n4u0j1m3?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/edu5306gz26nc23xjxz9n4u0j1m3?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/edu5306gz26nc23xjxz9n4u0j1m3?variant=lqip",38,"Post-war illustration of Union Brigadier General John Fuller planting the US flag on the Atlanta battlefield, July 22, 1864. Print by James E. Taylor. Courtesy of the New York Public Library.",530,"Taylor_Fuller_Planting_the_Flag.jpg",{"_161":602,"_163":603,"_165":604,"_167":605,"_169":606},398,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/k0iztwrg1pius4mfil6mtbth75m6","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/k0iztwrg1pius4mfil6mtbth75m6?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/k0iztwrg1pius4mfil6mtbth75m6?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/k0iztwrg1pius4mfil6mtbth75m6?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/k0iztwrg1pius4mfil6mtbth75m6?variant=lqip",37,"",690,"BOA_Map2_v05optimized.png",{"_161":614,"_163":615,"_165":616,"_167":617,"_169":618},517,"Noon, July 22, 1864.","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/q77p2amdc6fhna3tv3psdfcoxd4z","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/q77p2amdc6fhna3tv3psdfcoxd4z?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/q77p2amdc6fhna3tv3psdfcoxd4z?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/q77p2amdc6fhna3tv3psdfcoxd4z?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/q77p2amdc6fhna3tv3psdfcoxd4z?variant=lqip","//www.youtube.com/embed/HQFn31lJSyo","HQFn31lJSyo","HQFn31lJSyo.jpg",{"_161":623,"_163":624,"_165":625,"_167":568,"_169":626},"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/1ecwfijjjy1kcjf6kdf5ltr4wyer","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/1ecwfijjjy1kcjf6kdf5ltr4wyer?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/1ecwfijjjy1kcjf6kdf5ltr4wyer?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/1ecwfijjjy1kcjf6kdf5ltr4wyer?variant=lqip","death-of-gen-walker","Death of Gen. Walker",{"_33":22,"_62":548,"_72":549},{"_33":551,"_62":694,"_72":695},"http://southernspaces.org/2014/battle-atlanta-history-and-remembrance#walkerdeath","

Glenwood Avenue: Spot where Confederate division commander Major General William H. T. Walker was mortally wounded while scouting Federal forces, just before the opening attack in the Battle of Atlanta.

\r\n

What to See: As the four divisions that comprised Hardee's Corps prepared to launch their delayed assault against the Yankee Army of the Tennessee, a Federal infantryman fatally shot Confederate division commander Major General William H. T. Walker, who was reconnoitering north of Terry's Mill Pond. The civilian guide who accompanied Walker on the final stretch of Hardee's night march and several Confederate veterans provided differing accounts of when and where the general was mortally wounded. Walker was one of the first casualties of the battle and his troops were among the first to make contact with Yankees.

\r\n

Walker was an Augusta, Georgia, plantation owner and a veteran of the regular US army who resigned his commission before South Carolina left the Union. The upright cannon memorial dedicated to Walker on July 22, 1902, the 38th anniversary of his death and the Battle of Atlanta, honored the general's heroism. The unveiling ceremony, like many other Civil War monument dedications at the turn of the century, downplayed past hostilities and slaveholder ideology while celebrating national reconciliation.

\r\n

The Walker Monument unveiling was notable for a turnout of several thousand people, including retired Federal General Oliver Otis Howard. Howard, who had known Walker at West Point and succeeded James B. McPherson as commander of the Army of the Tennessee five days after the Battle of Atlanta. Howard's post-war career included a stint as Commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau, the Federal agency established to help former slaves make the transition to freedom.

\r\n

Howard also had a pivotal role in launching the university named in his honor in Washington, DC. At the Walker monument's dedication, the event's main speaker lauded Howard's attendance and asked, \"What stronger evidence could be given that all sectional strife is ended, and that we are now united as one people, no matter what the demagogues may say?\"

","An upright cannon in a small triangular park at Wilkinson Drive and Glenwood Avenue, near the I-20 interchange, marks the spot where Confederate Major General William H. T. Walker was killed. Park on the east side of Wilkinson Drive, just north of the Walker Monument. ",33.73990056,-84.32711704,[647,648,649,650],"Glenwood Ave: Marks the site where Confederate General H. T. Walker was killed while scouting in preparation for the attack on Federal forces.",33.740214,-84.327085,"Glenwood Avenue: Spot where Confederate division commander Major General William H. T. Walker was mortally wounded while scouting Federal forces, just before the opening attack in the Battle of Atlanta. \r\nWhat to See: As the four divisions that comprised Hardee's Corps prepared to launch their delayed assault against the Yankee Army of the Tennessee, a Federal infantryman fatally shot Confederate division commander Major General William H. T. Walker, who was reconnoitering north of Terry's Mill Pond. The civilian guide who accompanied Walker on the final stretch of Hardee's night march and several Confederate veterans provided differing accounts of when and where the general was mortally wounded. Walker was one of the first casualties of the battle and his troops were among the first to make contact with Yankees.\r\nWalker was an Augusta, Georgia, plantation owner and a veteran of the regular US army who resigned his commission before South Carolina left the Union. The upright cannon memorial dedicated to Walker on July 22, 1902, the 38th anniversary of his death and the Battle of Atlanta, honored the general's heroism. The unveiling ceremony, like many other Civil War monument dedications at the turn of the century, downplayed past hostilities and slaveholder ideology while celebrating national reconciliation.\r\nThe Walker Monument unveiling was notable for a turnout of several thousand people, including retired Federal General Oliver Otis Howard. Howard, who had known Walker at West Point and succeeded James B. McPherson as commander of the Army of the Tennessee five days after the Battle of Atlanta. Howard's post-war career included a stint as Commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau, the Federal agency established to help former slaves make the transition to freedom.\r\nHoward also had a pivotal role in launching the university named in his honor in Washington, DC. At the Walker monument's dedication, the event's main speaker lauded Howard's attendance and asked, \"What stronger evidence could be given that all sectional strife is ended, and that we are now united as one people, no matter what the demagogues may say?\" ",[627,627],{"_72":644,"_132":645,"_134":646},[],"Death of General Walker","Walker Monument, ca. 1910. Vintage postcard,.","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/4a15xzbam9gq3klkmwls9m0ffn6p?variant=desktop",{"_100":667,"_97":22,"_132":645,"_142":686,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":687,"_148":688,"_33":596,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":687,"_155":156,"_157":689,"_72":644,"_160":-5},{"_100":291,"_97":185,"_132":675,"_142":196,"_144":676,"_145":677,"_146":678,"_148":679,"_33":291,"_151":201,"_152":202,"_154":678,"_155":203,"_157":204,"_72":680,"_160":677},{"_100":663,"_97":172,"_132":664,"_142":533,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":665,"_148":666,"_33":667,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":665,"_155":156,"_157":668,"_72":669,"_160":-5},{"_100":651,"_97":101,"_132":652,"_142":653,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":654,"_148":655,"_33":607,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":654,"_155":156,"_157":656,"_72":657,"_160":-5},35,"Major General Oliver Otis Howard, former commander of the Union Army of the Tennessee. Photographic print, ca. 1908.",315,"3c00785u.jpg",{"_161":658,"_163":659,"_165":660,"_167":661,"_169":662},236,"Major General Oliver Otis Howard","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/7k4ffiolzjwld5escndwq7dctggj","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/7k4ffiolzjwld5escndwq7dctggj?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/7k4ffiolzjwld5escndwq7dctggj?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/7k4ffiolzjwld5escndwq7dctggj?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/7k4ffiolzjwld5escndwq7dctggj?variant=lqip",34,"Walker Monument, original placement in 1902, Confederate Veteran, 1902.","walker_monument_no_text.jpg",{"_161":670,"_163":671,"_165":672,"_167":673,"_169":674},36,339,"Walker Monument","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/m0fo3lt0n05th6dasg413p0a7lry","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/m0fo3lt0n05th6dasg413p0a7lry?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/m0fo3lt0n05th6dasg413p0a7lry?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/m0fo3lt0n05th6dasg413p0a7lry?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/m0fo3lt0n05th6dasg413p0a7lry?variant=lqip","A Federal soldier mortally wounded Confederate division commander Major General William H. T. Walker while he was scouting the Union infantry's position just before the Battle of Atlanta.\n\nTake the tour at http://battleATL.org.\n\nSee more at: http://southernspaces.org/2014/battle-atlanta-history-and-remembrance#walkerdeath","//www.youtube.com/embed/jvWDT5dmgTk","jvWDT5dmgTk","jvWDT5dmgTk.jpg",{"_161":681,"_163":682,"_165":683,"_167":684,"_169":685},"Death of General Walker, Stop 5, The Battle of Atlanta: History and Remembrance","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/z70zg1njnbx567nv7bukm4e8rjyw","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/z70zg1njnbx567nv7bukm4e8rjyw?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/z70zg1njnbx567nv7bukm4e8rjyw?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/z70zg1njnbx567nv7bukm4e8rjyw?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/z70zg1njnbx567nv7bukm4e8rjyw?variant=lqip",623,"Monument_to_Walker_Modified.jpg",{"_161":690,"_163":691,"_165":692,"_167":646,"_169":693},468,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/4a15xzbam9gq3klkmwls9m0ffn6p","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/4a15xzbam9gq3klkmwls9m0ffn6p?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/4a15xzbam9gq3klkmwls9m0ffn6p?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/4a15xzbam9gq3klkmwls9m0ffn6p?variant=lqip","hardee-s-night-march","Hardee's Night March",{"_33":291,"_62":627,"_72":628},{"_33":212,"_62":777,"_72":778},"580 McDonough Blvd SE, Atlanta, GA 30315, USA","http://southernspaces.org/2014/battle-atlanta-history-and-remembrance#hardee","

Hardee's Night March: Traces most of the 15-mile overnight trek by 17,000-18,000 Confederate soldiers, led by Lieutenant General William J. Hardee, that culminated in the opening attack in the Battle of Atlanta.

What to See: The driving tour allows an appreciation of the long, circuitous route and remote territory traversed by 17,000-18,000 Confederate foot and horse soldiers, led by Hardee, as they attempted to overwhelm the Federal left wing advancing on Atlanta. As the Yankee armies moved closer to the city, their far left flank was unprotected because Union commander William T. Sherman had sent cavalry to the rear to tear up railroad tracks.

When Confederate commander John Bell Hood learned that the Yankee's left wing was vulnerable, he ordered Hardee's Corps, accompanied by Joseph Wheeler's cavalry, to move out of Atlanta at nightfall on July 21, swing around the Union left flank, which was entrenched in what is now East Atlanta, and pounce on the Federal's rear at daybreak, rolling up their line and destroying the supply wagons in Decatur.

Hardee's Corps was comprised of four infantry divisions, commanded by Major Generals William H. T. Walker, William B. Bate, and Patrick R. Cleburne and Brigadier General George Maney. They trekked five or six miles beyond the city limits on McDonough Road (present-day McDonough Boulevard, except for the final mile and a half, which is Moreland Avenue) and reached their southernmost point at or near the South River. There, they turned northeast on Fayetteville Road, then a winding dirt track that led to Decatur and now, in parts, named Key Road.

Hardee's troops reached Intrenchment Creek at dawn on July 22, several hours behind schedule. They stopped to recruit two guides: William Cobb, whose mill was at the creek, and a mill worker named Case Turner. Two historical markers, describing Cobb's mill and Cobb's house, are located just north of the creek and west of Key Road, near the current entrances to an Atlanta police academy and a water reclamation center. So far, the route of the march was through relatively clear terrain, but the road north from Intrenchment Creek meandered through more heavily wooded countryside that was unfamiliar to Hardee and his commanders.

Leaving Intrenchment Creek, the Confederate troops continued along Fayetteville Road (present-day Bouldercrest Road) until they divided into two at a fork (described on a historical marker located at the intersection of Bouldercrest and Fayetteville Roads). Cleburne's and Maney's divisions took the left fork and marched northwest.

When they reached Flat Shoals Road (which existed in 1864), they deployed on either side and moved toward the far left flank of the Union Army, aligned in an entrenched position in what is now East Atlanta. Walker and Bate's column took the right fork and moved northeast on Fayetteville Road (the route that the tour takes), toward their eventual encounter with Federal infantry positioned in what is now Atlanta's Kirkwood neighborhood.

Walker's and Bate's divisions remained on Fayetteville Road for almost a mile beyond the fork and then went into a wilderness area at Sugar Creek Valley. A roadside marker notes that the two divisions detoured into the valley and headed west to keep contact with Cleburne's and Maney's divisions. Walker and Bate's infantry moved slowly along the west bank of Sugar Creek and struggled through the marsh and thickets around Terry's Mill Pond. The mill pond, which no longer exists, was comprised of the impounded waters of Sugar Creek and resembled a lake.

Walker and Bate's detour around the western side of the mill pond took considerable time and further delayed the Confederate attack, already hours behind schedule. Terry Mill Road did not exist in 1864; the area traversed by the present-day road between Fayetteville Road and Glenwood Avenue is high ground that lies above where the mill pond's eastern shore was located. A historical marker, titled \"Terry's Mill Pond,\" locates the north end of the pond along present-day Glenwood Avenue near its I-20 interchange. After marching all night and the following morning, Walker's and Bate's divisions arrived six hours behind schedule but ready to advance against the Union Army. Walker's division was in the Sugar Creek Valley, just north of the mill pond. Bate's division was to the right of Walker's and adjacent to present-day Memorial Drive.

\n\n","The directions below will take you from your present location to the **beginning** of the Hardee's Night March driving tour, which traces the overnight march led by Confederate Lieutenant General William J. Hardee on July 21–22, 1864. For driving directions for the remainder of the Night March, see the Notes field. ",33.713825,-84.368596,[714,715,716,717,718,719],"Hardee’s Night March: Traces the 15-mile march in which over 15,000 Confederate soldiers attempted to circle around and attack a weak point in the Federal left wing.","Hardee's Night March: Traces most of the 15-mile overnight trek by 17,000-18,000 Confederate soldiers, led by Lieutenant General William J. Hardee, that culminated in the opening attack in the Battle of Atlanta. What to See: The driving tour allows an appreciation of the long, circuitous route and remote territory traversed by 17,000-18,000 Confederate foot and horse soldiers, led by Hardee, as they attempted to overwhelm the Federal left wing advancing on Atlanta. As the Yankee armies moved closer to the city, their far left flank was unprotected because Union commander William T. Sherman had sent cavalry to the rear to tear up railroad tracks. When Confederate commander John Bell Hood learned that the Yankee's left wing was vulnerable, he ordered Hardee's Corps, accompanied by Joseph Wheeler's cavalry, to move out of Atlanta at nightfall on July 21, swing around the Union left flank, which was entrenched in what is now East Atlanta, and pounce on the Federal's rear at daybreak, rolling up their line and destroying the supply wagons in Decatur. Hardee's Corps was comprised of four infantry divisions, commanded by Major Generals William H. T. Walker, William B. Bate, and Patrick R. Cleburne and Brigadier General George Maney. They trekked five or six miles beyond the city limits on McDonough Road (present-day McDonough Boulevard, except for the final mile and a half, which is Moreland Avenue) and reached their southernmost point at or near the South River. There, they turned northeast on Fayetteville Road, then a winding dirt track that led to Decatur and now, in parts, named Key Road. Hardee's troops reached Intrenchment Creek at dawn on July 22, several hours behind schedule. They stopped to recruit two guides: William Cobb, whose mill was at the creek, and a mill worker named Case Turner. Two historical markers, describing Cobb's mill and Cobb's house, are located just north of the creek and west of Key Road, near the current entrances to an Atlanta police academy and a water reclamation center. So far, the route of the march was through relatively clear terrain, but the road north from Intrenchment Creek meandered through more heavily wooded countryside that was unfamiliar to Hardee and his commanders. Leaving Intrenchment Creek, the Confederate troops continued along Fayetteville Road (present-day Bouldercrest Road) until they divided into two at a fork (described on a historical marker located at the intersection of Bouldercrest and Fayetteville Roads). Cleburne's and Maney's divisions took the left fork and marched northwest. When they reached Flat Shoals Road (which existed in 1864), they deployed on either side and moved toward the far left flank of the Union Army, aligned in an entrenched position in what is now East Atlanta. Walker and Bate's column took the right fork and moved northeast on Fayetteville Road (the route that the tour takes), toward their eventual encounter with Federal infantry positioned in what is now Atlanta's Kirkwood neighborhood. Walker's and Bate's divisions remained on Fayetteville Road for almost a mile beyond the fork and then went into a wilderness area at Sugar Creek Valley. A roadside marker notes that the two divisions detoured into the valley and headed west to keep contact with Cleburne's and Maney's divisions. Walker and Bate's infantry moved slowly along the west bank of Sugar Creek and struggled through the marsh and thickets around Terry's Mill Pond. The mill pond, which no longer exists, was comprised of the impounded waters of Sugar Creek and resembled a lake. Walker and Bate's detour around the western side of the mill pond took considerable time and further delayed the Confederate attack, already hours behind schedule. Terry Mill Road did not exist in 1864; the area traversed by the present-day road between Fayetteville Road and Glenwood Avenue is high ground that lies above where the mill pond's eastern shore was located. A historical marker, titled \"Terry's Mill Pond,\" locates the north end of the pond along present-day Glenwood Avenue near its I-20 interchange. After marching all night and the following morning, Walker's and Bate's divisions arrived six hours behind schedule but ready to advance against the Union Army. Walker's division was in the Sugar Creek Valley, just north of the mill pond. Bate's division was to the right of Walker's and adjacent to present-day Memorial Drive.\n\n",[694,694,713],{"_72":710,"_132":711,"_134":712},[],"Hardee's Night March, Stop 4, The Battle of Atlanta: History and Remembrance","Lieutenant General William J. Hardee led a fifteen-mile overnight trek of between seventeen and eighteen thousand Confederate soldiers that culminated in their opening attack in the Battle of Atlanta.\n\nTake the tour at http://battleATL.org.\n\nRead more at http://southernspaces.org/2014/battle-atlanta-history-and-remembrance#hardee.","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/inf1h4zn09jxfumz5ysxbckedmth?variant=desktop","hardees-night-march",{"_100":551,"_97":22,"_132":711,"_142":196,"_144":769,"_145":770,"_146":771,"_148":772,"_33":551,"_151":201,"_152":202,"_154":771,"_155":203,"_157":204,"_72":710,"_160":770},{"_100":758,"_97":185,"_132":759,"_142":760,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":761,"_148":762,"_33":731,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":761,"_155":156,"_157":763,"_72":695,"_160":-5},{"_100":744,"_97":172,"_132":750,"_142":270,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":751,"_148":752,"_33":720,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":751,"_155":156,"_157":273,"_72":695,"_160":-5},{"_100":741,"_97":101,"_132":608,"_142":395,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":742,"_148":743,"_33":744,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":742,"_155":156,"_157":398,"_72":695,"_160":-5},{"_100":731,"_97":201,"_132":732,"_142":237,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":733,"_148":734,"_33":663,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":733,"_155":156,"_157":735,"_72":695,"_160":-5},{"_100":720,"_97":551,"_132":721,"_142":722,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":723,"_148":724,"_33":651,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":723,"_155":156,"_157":725,"_72":695,"_160":-5},33,"Lieutenant General William J. Hardee, corp commander, Army of Tennessee.",244,"William_J._Hardee_CDV.jpg",{"_161":726,"_163":727,"_165":728,"_167":729,"_169":730},183,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/fj8d38mefjv7xl8nnbznyh8d97k2","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/fj8d38mefjv7xl8nnbznyh8d97k2?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/fj8d38mefjv7xl8nnbznyh8d97k2?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/fj8d38mefjv7xl8nnbznyh8d97k2?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/fj8d38mefjv7xl8nnbznyh8d97k2?variant=lqip",32,"William Cobb’s house, where Confederate corp commander William J. Hardee and staff stopped on their night march, July 21–22, 1864. Photograph of unknown origin, May 1, 1905. Courtesy of the Atlanta History Center.","Cobb_House.jpg",{"_161":736,"_163":737,"_165":738,"_167":739,"_169":740},383,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/8t5b8hisfsovwtkd018v4lckwrun","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/8t5b8hisfsovwtkd018v4lckwrun?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/8t5b8hisfsovwtkd018v4lckwrun?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/8t5b8hisfsovwtkd018v4lckwrun?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/8t5b8hisfsovwtkd018v4lckwrun?variant=lqip",29,"BOA_Map6_v05optimized.png",{"_161":745,"_163":746,"_165":747,"_167":748,"_169":749},31,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/kjgg1ccejmbefu4c3fbtlo8j86o1","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/kjgg1ccejmbefu4c3fbtlo8j86o1?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/kjgg1ccejmbefu4c3fbtlo8j86o1?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/kjgg1ccejmbefu4c3fbtlo8j86o1?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/kjgg1ccejmbefu4c3fbtlo8j86o1?variant=lqip","Historical markers at Intrenchment Creek, April 28, 2014. Photograph by Daniel Pollock.","DSC_0044.JPG",{"_161":753,"_163":754,"_165":755,"_167":756,"_169":757},"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/xrflb46pmvphoo4bi7wmhz0l7kks","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/xrflb46pmvphoo4bi7wmhz0l7kks?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/xrflb46pmvphoo4bi7wmhz0l7kks?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/xrflb46pmvphoo4bi7wmhz0l7kks?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/xrflb46pmvphoo4bi7wmhz0l7kks?variant=lqip",30,"Confederate division commanders, whose units completed Hardee’s Night March, clockwise from upper left, William H. T. Walker, William B. Bate, Patrick R. Cleburne, and George E. Maney. Compilation by Christopher Sawula, 2014.",275,"Hardee_Corp_Commanders_v2.jpg",{"_161":764,"_163":765,"_165":766,"_167":767,"_169":768},206,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/zi9g799lprxv9eesrl504pfijj5z","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/zi9g799lprxv9eesrl504pfijj5z?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/zi9g799lprxv9eesrl504pfijj5z?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/zi9g799lprxv9eesrl504pfijj5z?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/zi9g799lprxv9eesrl504pfijj5z?variant=lqip","//www.youtube.com/embed/ZtJAR8inR6I","ZtJAR8inR6I","ZtJAR8inR6I.jpg",{"_161":773,"_163":774,"_165":775,"_167":712,"_169":776},"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/inf1h4zn09jxfumz5ysxbckedmth","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/inf1h4zn09jxfumz5ysxbckedmth?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/inf1h4zn09jxfumz5ysxbckedmth?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/inf1h4zn09jxfumz5ysxbckedmth?variant=lqip","fort-walker-and-rifle-pit","Fort Walker and Rifle Pit",{"_33":551,"_62":694,"_72":695},{"_33":185,"_62":877,"_72":878},"Boulevard SE@Atlanta Ave SE, Atlanta, GA, USA","http://southernspaces.org/2014/battle-atlanta-history-and-remembrance#fortwalker","

Grant Park: Sole remnant of the Confederate's heavy earthwork fortifications, rifle pits, and entrenchments that formed a defensive ring over 10 miles in length around Atlanta in 1864.

What to See: Your scenic vantage point at the Fort Walker parapet and the formidable earthen remnants indicate why this bastion was a key point in the Confederate defensive works in front of Atlanta. The well-constructed fort and sweeping sight line enabled a small force to control the surrounding territory and deter an enemy assault.

At the time of the Battle of Atlanta, the city was completely encircled by over 10 miles of earthwork defenses comprised of forts fitted for artillery batteries and lengthy entrenchments, ready for use by Confederate infantry. Rifle pits in front of forts provided protected space for troops to stand and fire through narrow openings. The grounds beyond forts and rifle pits were cleared of trees and brush for 1,000 yards, leaving open lines of fire for the defenders' artillery and rifles. Some forts also were protected by abatis, felled trees with sharpened branches facing toward the enemy, and chaveux-de-frise, rows of criss-crossed, sharpened logs.

Atlanta's fortifications were completed for the most part by April 1864. Lemuel P. Grant, after whom Grant Park is named, supervised their construction. Extensions of the city's defensive perimeter in the spring and summer of 1864 increased its length. Among the add-ons was Fort Walker, originally constructed as a separate four-gun parapet and subsequently incorporated into the main defensive line. The fort was named for Confederate Major General William H. T. Walker, after he was killed in the Battle of Atlanta.

Trained as a civil engineer, Grant had no military experience prior to his Confederate commission. His lack of familiarity with fortifications and field artillery had consequences. The distance between the fortified line and the city's center was less than the maximum range of Federal field artillery. Beginning on July 20, 1864, the advancing Union forces cannonaded Atlanta without breaching or even testing the fortifications. After the battle, the Yankee bombardment of the city intensified. Their subsequent maneuvers and battlefield successes forced the Confederates to surrender the city on September 2, 1864.

","The remnants of Fort Walker and the rifle pit are at the southeast corner of Grant Park near the intersection of Boulevard and Atlanta Avenue. Parking is available on both streets. Walk through the stone entrance towers and pass by the Fort Walker historical marker. The remnants of the fort and rifle pit are the rounded earthworks to your right.",33.730583,-84.368817,[798,799,800,801,802,803,804],"Grant Park: Part of the 10.5 miles of fortifications that encircled the city, Fort Walker is a remnant of the Confederate defenses during the Battle of Atlanta.",33.730112,-84.369046,"Grant Park: Sole remnant of the Confederate's heavy earthwork fortifications, rifle pits, and entrenchments that formed a defensive ring over 10 miles in length around Atlanta in 1864.\nWhat to See: Your scenic vantage point at the Fort Walker parapet and the formidable earthen remnants indicate why this bastion was a key point in the Confederate defensive works in front of Atlanta. The well-constructed fort and sweeping sight line enabled a small force to control the surrounding territory and deter an enemy assault.\nAt the time of the Battle of Atlanta, the city was completely encircled by over 10 miles of earthwork defenses comprised of forts fitted for artillery batteries and lengthy entrenchments, ready for use by Confederate infantry. Rifle pits in front of forts provided protected space for troops to stand and fire through narrow openings. The grounds beyond forts and rifle pits were cleared of trees and brush for 1,000 yards, leaving open lines of fire for the defenders' artillery and rifles. Some forts also were protected by abatis, felled trees with sharpened branches facing toward the enemy, and chaveux-de-frise, rows of criss-crossed, sharpened logs.\nAtlanta's fortifications were completed for the most part by April 1864. Lemuel P. Grant, after whom Grant Park is named, supervised their construction. Extensions of the city's defensive perimeter in the spring and summer of 1864 increased its length. Among the add-ons was Fort Walker, originally constructed as a separate four-gun parapet and subsequently incorporated into the main defensive line. The fort was named for Confederate Major General William H. T. Walker, after he was killed in the Battle of Atlanta.\nTrained as a civil engineer, Grant had no military experience prior to his Confederate commission. His lack of familiarity with fortifications and field artillery had consequences. The distance between the fortified line and the city's center was less than the maximum range of Federal field artillery. Beginning on July 20, 1864, the advancing Union forces cannonaded Atlanta without breaching or even testing the fortifications. After the battle, the Yankee bombardment of the city intensified. Their subsequent maneuvers and battlefield successes forced the Confederates to surrender the city on September 2, 1864.",[777,777],{"_72":795,"_132":796,"_134":797},[],"Fort Walker and Rifle Pit, Stop 3, The Battle of Atlanta: History and Remembrance","Confederate Colonel Lemuel P. Grant designed over ten and half miles of earthwork fortifications and connecting trenches that encircled Atlanta and included Fort Walker, the sole remnant of the city's inner defensive works. \n\nTake the tour at http://battleATL.org.\n\nRead more at http://southernspaces.org/2014/battle-atlanta-history-and-remembrance#fortwalker.","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/ekrmny0aj3350x4yy4hj8losqaoa?variant=desktop",{"_100":212,"_97":22,"_132":796,"_142":196,"_144":869,"_145":870,"_146":871,"_148":872,"_33":212,"_151":201,"_152":202,"_154":871,"_155":203,"_157":204,"_72":795,"_160":870},{"_100":859,"_97":185,"_132":608,"_142":860,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":861,"_148":862,"_33":850,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":861,"_155":156,"_157":431,"_72":863,"_160":-5},{"_100":850,"_97":172,"_132":851,"_142":270,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":852,"_148":853,"_33":817,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":852,"_155":156,"_157":273,"_72":811,"_160":-5},{"_100":833,"_97":101,"_132":840,"_142":841,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":842,"_148":843,"_33":805,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":842,"_155":156,"_157":844,"_72":811,"_160":-5},{"_100":828,"_97":201,"_132":829,"_142":830,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":831,"_148":832,"_33":833,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":831,"_155":156,"_157":834,"_72":811,"_160":-5},{"_100":817,"_97":551,"_132":818,"_142":819,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":820,"_148":821,"_33":741,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":820,"_155":156,"_157":822,"_72":811,"_160":-5},{"_100":805,"_97":403,"_132":806,"_142":807,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":808,"_148":809,"_33":758,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":808,"_155":156,"_157":810,"_72":811,"_160":-5},28,"Lemuel P. Grant, Confederate engineer responsible for the construction of Atlanta's inner fortifications, 1889, Wallace P. Reed, History of Atlanta, Georgia, vol. 2 (Syracuse, New York: D. Mason and Company, 1889), 168. MARBL, Emory University.",274,"Reed_HistoryofAtlanta_Grant_crop.jpg",{"_161":812,"_163":813,"_165":814,"_167":815,"_169":816},205,"Grant Park","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/d58e34hsndp6n02uks6ed151sw9s","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/d58e34hsndp6n02uks6ed151sw9s?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/d58e34hsndp6n02uks6ed151sw9s?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/d58e34hsndp6n02uks6ed151sw9s?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/d58e34hsndp6n02uks6ed151sw9s?variant=lqip",27,"Fort Walker, located in present-day Grant Park, Atlanta, Georgia, with Union troops encamped north of the fort, October, 1864. Photograph by George H. Barnard. Courtesy of US Military Academy Special Collections.",542,"Barnard_image_of_Fort_Walker.jpg",{"_161":823,"_163":824,"_165":825,"_167":826,"_169":827},407,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/bqhgakucag100av0ltj4x904kq7d","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/bqhgakucag100av0ltj4x904kq7d?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/bqhgakucag100av0ltj4x904kq7d?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/bqhgakucag100av0ltj4x904kq7d?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/bqhgakucag100av0ltj4x904kq7d?variant=lqip",24,"Fort Walker, Atlanta, Georgia, ca. 1910. Vintage postcard.",678,"Fort_Walker_Grant_Park_Postcard_c._1910.jpg",{"_161":835,"_163":836,"_165":837,"_167":838,"_169":839},26,509,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/clbplb0hcwbmbq3084o84zomt8vf","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/clbplb0hcwbmbq3084o84zomt8vf?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/clbplb0hcwbmbq3084o84zomt8vf?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/clbplb0hcwbmbq3084o84zomt8vf?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/clbplb0hcwbmbq3084o84zomt8vf?variant=lqip","Confederate fort near Atlanta, Georgia, part of the city's inner ring of fortification, 1864. Photographic print by George H. Barnard. Courtesy of Library of Congress.",491,"Confederate_Fortifications_around_Atlanta_GA.jpg",{"_161":845,"_163":846,"_165":847,"_167":848,"_169":849},369,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/hfizbdg4lxwmf74k4n0eza8q5a7a","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/hfizbdg4lxwmf74k4n0eza8q5a7a?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/hfizbdg4lxwmf74k4n0eza8q5a7a?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/hfizbdg4lxwmf74k4n0eza8q5a7a?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/hfizbdg4lxwmf74k4n0eza8q5a7a?variant=lqip",25,"Remnant of Fort Walker and rifle pit, Grant Park, Atlanta, Georgia, May 10, 2014. Photograph by Daniel Pollock. ","DSC_0036.JPG",{"_161":854,"_163":855,"_165":856,"_167":857,"_169":858},"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/j8jsan7jfp2e3djc8s4fu888kj83","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/j8jsan7jfp2e3djc8s4fu888kj83?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/j8jsan7jfp2e3djc8s4fu888kj83?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/j8jsan7jfp2e3djc8s4fu888kj83?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/j8jsan7jfp2e3djc8s4fu888kj83?variant=lqip",23,320,"BOA_Map4_v02optimized.png",{"_161":864,"_163":865,"_165":866,"_167":867,"_169":868},"Map of Walled Fortifications","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/8l9p5z0g0gcxs3661n3kren3jcqq","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/8l9p5z0g0gcxs3661n3kren3jcqq?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/8l9p5z0g0gcxs3661n3kren3jcqq?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/8l9p5z0g0gcxs3661n3kren3jcqq?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/8l9p5z0g0gcxs3661n3kren3jcqq?variant=lqip","//www.youtube.com/embed/9JENPA81WK8","9JENPA81WK8","9JENPA81WK8.jpg",{"_161":873,"_163":874,"_165":875,"_167":797,"_169":876},"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/ekrmny0aj3350x4yy4hj8losqaoa","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/ekrmny0aj3350x4yy4hj8losqaoa?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/ekrmny0aj3350x4yy4hj8losqaoa?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/ekrmny0aj3350x4yy4hj8losqaoa?variant=lqip","gen-hood-s-observation-post-and-oakland-cemetery","Gen. Hood's Observation Post and Oakland Cemetery",{"_33":212,"_62":777,"_72":778},{"_33":172,"_62":965,"_72":966},"http://southernspaces.org/2014/battle-atlanta-history-and-remembrance#oakland","

Memorial Drive: Site of the Confederate Obelisk, Lion of Atlanta statue, and a two-story house, no longer standing, that Confederate General John Bell Hood used as an observation post on the afternoon of July 22, 1864.

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What to See: Oakland Cemetery provides a tangible link to Atlanta and the Civil War, both as the historic site where Confederate commander General John Bell Hood established an observation post during the Battle of Atlanta and as the most prominent public space in the city that residents and visitors use to commemorate the war dead and the Confederate \"Lost Cause.\"

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A 65-foot-tall Egyptian-revival obelisk, the cemetery's tallest structure, provides an orienting landmark for the Confederate section. The obelisk was unveiled on Confederate Memorial Day, April 26, 1874, the ninth anniversary of General Joseph E. Johnston's surrender to Federal Major General William T. Sherman near Durham, North Carolina. For decades the obelisk served as the backdrop for Atlanta's annual Confederate Memorial Day ceremonies.

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Southeast of the obelisk is a large rectangular section of the cemetery, where row upon row of evenly spaced military headstones mark the graves of nearly 4,000 Confederate soldiers. The last row of the Confederate section \"C\" contains the remains of 16 Federal soldiers who were captured and died in Confederate hospitals.

\r\n

The Lion of Atlanta is another notable Confederate monument. It is located northeast of the obelisk, in the center of the section where 3,000 unknown Confederate dead are buried. The six-foot-high statue of a mortally wounded lion, dedicated on Confederate Memorial day in 1894, symbolizes the death struggle of an armed force in defeat, overwhelmed by its opponent but honored for bravery.

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Northwest of the obelisk stands the white, two-story Bell Tower—Oakland's visitor center—and the cemetery's highest ground. Due north of the Bell Tower and in sight of the MARTA tracks is a Georgia Historical Commission marker indicating the site of a two-story house, which was located just beyond the original cemetery boundaries in 1864.

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At this spot, Hood and his staff observed troop movements and perhaps action during the battle. Hood's mobility was limited due to war injuries sustained in 1863. His vantage point just outside the cemetery was more distant than Sherman's from the climactic late-afternoon fighting, leaving him less directly involved in frontline combat action.

","248 Oakland Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30312. Inside the cemetery, pull to the right of any paved roadway, leaving space for cars to pass. Parking is also available in a lot outside the cemetery’s front gate or along Martin Luther King Jr. Drive and Oakland Avenue. Enter the main gate on Oakland Avenue and head east to the Confederate section. ",33.748013,-84.371745,[897,898,899,900,901,902],"Memorial Drive: Home of the Confederate Obelisk, Confederate Lion, and the site where Confederate General John Bell Hood viewed the Battle of Atlanta.",33.747447,-84.375158,"Memorial Drive: Site of the Confederate Obelisk, Lion of Atlanta statue, and a two-story house, no longer standing, that Confederate General John Bell Hood used as an observation post on the afternoon of July 22, 1864.\r\nWhat to See: Oakland Cemetery provides a tangible link to Atlanta and the Civil War, both as the historic site where Confederate commander General John Bell Hood established an observation post during the Battle of Atlanta and as the most prominent public space in the city that residents and visitors use to commemorate the war dead and the Confederate \"Lost Cause.\"\r\nA 65-foot-tall Egyptian-revival obelisk, the cemetery's tallest structure, provides an orienting landmark for the Confederate section. The obelisk was unveiled on Confederate Memorial Day, April 26, 1874, the ninth anniversary of General Joseph E. Johnston's surrender to Federal Major General William T. Sherman near Durham, North Carolina. For decades the obelisk served as the backdrop for Atlanta's annual Confederate Memorial Day ceremonies.\r\nSoutheast of the obelisk is a large rectangular section of the cemetery, where row upon row of evenly spaced military headstones mark the graves of nearly 4,000 Confederate soldiers. The last row of the Confederate section \"C\" contains the remains of 16 Federal soldiers who were captured and died in Confederate hospitals.\r\nThe Lion of Atlanta is another notable Confederate monument. It is located northeast of the obelisk, in the center of the section where 3,000 unknown Confederate dead are buried. The six-foot-high statue of a mortally wounded lion, dedicated on Confederate Memorial day in 1894, symbolizes the death struggle of an armed force in defeat, overwhelmed by its opponent but honored for bravery.\r\nNorthwest of the obelisk stands the white, two-story Bell Tower—Oakland's visitor center—and the cemetery's highest ground. Due north of the Bell Tower and in sight of the MARTA tracks is a Georgia Historical Commission marker indicating the site of a two-story house, which was located just beyond the original cemetery boundaries in 1864.\r\nAt this spot, Hood and his staff observed troop movements and perhaps action during the battle. Hood's mobility was limited due to war injuries sustained in 1863. His vantage point just outside the cemetery was more distant than Sherman's from the climactic late-afternoon fighting, leaving him less directly involved in frontline combat action.",[877,877],{"_72":894,"_132":895,"_134":896},[],"Memorial Day in the South","Confederate Memorial Day ceremonies, Oakland Cemetery, Atlanta, April 26, ca. 1881, Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly. Sketch by James Henry Moser.","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/cssnckasg7ajb5cww5wchzewsg2b?variant=desktop",{"_100":956,"_97":22,"_132":895,"_142":957,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":958,"_148":959,"_33":915,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":958,"_155":156,"_157":960,"_72":894,"_160":-5},{"_100":185,"_97":185,"_132":945,"_142":196,"_144":946,"_145":947,"_146":948,"_148":949,"_33":185,"_151":201,"_152":202,"_154":948,"_155":203,"_157":204,"_72":950,"_160":947},{"_100":929,"_97":172,"_132":935,"_142":936,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":937,"_148":938,"_33":903,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":937,"_155":156,"_157":939,"_72":909,"_160":-5},{"_100":926,"_97":101,"_132":608,"_142":609,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":927,"_148":928,"_33":929,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":927,"_155":156,"_157":612,"_72":909,"_160":-5},{"_100":915,"_97":201,"_132":916,"_142":917,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":918,"_148":919,"_33":859,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":918,"_155":156,"_157":920,"_72":909,"_160":-5},{"_100":903,"_97":551,"_132":904,"_142":905,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":906,"_148":907,"_33":828,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":906,"_155":156,"_157":908,"_72":909,"_160":-5},22,"Lieutenant General John Bell Hood, commander of the Confederate Army of Tennessee.",250,"J.B._Hood.jpg",{"_161":910,"_163":911,"_165":912,"_167":913,"_169":914},187,"Oakland Cemetery","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/sfha7dxdj9nngt8ncvns7hlkw6o4","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/sfha7dxdj9nngt8ncvns7hlkw6o4?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/sfha7dxdj9nngt8ncvns7hlkw6o4?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/sfha7dxdj9nngt8ncvns7hlkw6o4?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/sfha7dxdj9nngt8ncvns7hlkw6o4?variant=lqip",21,"Lion of Atlanta, commemorating the unknown Confederate dead buried in the surrounding plot in Oakland Cemetery, 2009. Photograph by Matt Miller.",584,"Unknown_Confederate_Dead_Monument.jpg",{"_161":921,"_163":922,"_165":923,"_167":924,"_169":925},438,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/f4hkv6lbq9b3j4oepwakwpql2xk9","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/f4hkv6lbq9b3j4oepwakwpql2xk9?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/f4hkv6lbq9b3j4oepwakwpql2xk9?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/f4hkv6lbq9b3j4oepwakwpql2xk9?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/f4hkv6lbq9b3j4oepwakwpql2xk9?variant=lqip",18,"BOA_Map5_v07optimized_1.png",{"_161":930,"_163":931,"_165":932,"_167":933,"_169":934},20,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/8oagltmnckrdzugwg45bhfdibzhs","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/8oagltmnckrdzugwg45bhfdibzhs?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/8oagltmnckrdzugwg45bhfdibzhs?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/8oagltmnckrdzugwg45bhfdibzhs?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/8oagltmnckrdzugwg45bhfdibzhs?variant=lqip","Confederate Obelisk, dedicated to the memory of “Our Confederate Dead,” Oakland Cemetery, Atlanta, Georgia. Postcard made in Germany, ca. 1910.",263,"Confederate_Monument_-_Made_in_Germany.jpg",{"_161":940,"_163":941,"_165":942,"_167":943,"_169":944},197,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/qokajwyt40vgh1dz8408czdaya62","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/qokajwyt40vgh1dz8408czdaya62?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/qokajwyt40vgh1dz8408czdaya62?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/qokajwyt40vgh1dz8408czdaya62?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/qokajwyt40vgh1dz8408czdaya62?variant=lqip","Confederate General John Bell Hood observed part of the Battle of Atlanta from a vantage point on high ground near the present-day Oakland Cemetery Visitors Center (Bell Tower).\n\nTake the tour at http://battleATL.org.\n\nRead more at General Hood's Observation Post and Oakland Cemetery http://southernspaces.org/2014/battle-atlanta-history-and-remembrance#oakland","//www.youtube.com/embed/2YZeHODAPBU","2YZeHODAPBU","2YZeHODAPBU.jpg",{"_161":951,"_163":952,"_165":953,"_167":954,"_169":955},"General Hood's Observation Post and Oakland Cemetery, Stop 2, Battle of Atlanta","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/1aske2xwf0rwa89kqc441s2ep48a","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/1aske2xwf0rwa89kqc441s2ep48a?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/1aske2xwf0rwa89kqc441s2ep48a?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/1aske2xwf0rwa89kqc441s2ep48a?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/1aske2xwf0rwa89kqc441s2ep48a?variant=lqip",19,583,"Georgia-Memorial_Day_in_the_South-Observances_at_Atlanta_April_20th.jpg",{"_161":961,"_163":962,"_165":963,"_167":896,"_169":964},437,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/cssnckasg7ajb5cww5wchzewsg2b","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/cssnckasg7ajb5cww5wchzewsg2b?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/cssnckasg7ajb5cww5wchzewsg2b?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/cssnckasg7ajb5cww5wchzewsg2b?variant=lqip","gen-sherman-s-headquarters-during-the-battle","Gen. Sherman's Headquarters during the Battle",{"_33":185,"_62":877,"_72":878},"http://southernspaces.org/2014/battle-atlanta-history-and-remembrance#shermanhq","

Carter Center: Site of Federal General William T. Sherman's field headquarters—the August Hurt House, no longer standing—on the grounds of the present-day Jimmy Carter Presidential Library.

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What to See: Your vantage point provides a panoramic view of downtown Atlanta comparable to the cityscape that Federal commander Major General William T. Sherman would have seen when he arrived at this high ground on the morning of July 22, 1864. The city's downtown today is in the same location where it was in 1864. Sherman, who commanded the three Union armies advancing on Atlanta, established his temporary headquarters at the Augustus Hurt House, no longer standing, at the eastern edge of today's Carter Library campus.

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After reaching Hurt's unoccupied plantation home, Sherman and his staff ventured even closer to Atlanta—to a hillside near where you are standing—to get a better view of the city. Sherman's observation of Rebel troops occupying the eastern section of the city's fortifications provided confirmation that the Confederate army remained in Atlanta in force and would fight to hold it. Artillery and rifle fire aimed at Sherman and his staff forced their retreat to the Hurt House.

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From there, Sherman had a sweeping view of the section of the battlefield to the southeast where late afternoon fighting would center around the home of Troup Hurt (stop 11 on this tour), Augustus Hurt's older brother. Sherman witnessed a successful Confederate attack against an entrenched Union line. His proximity to the fighting enabled him to direct cannon fire that hindered the Confederate advance.

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A counterattack by Federal infantry ended the Rebel threat. Although the tree line south of where you are standing obscures the sweeping battlefield view that Sherman had, you can visualize his advantageous position from the Cyclorama painting's depiction of the Yankee commander on horseback and by locating the Augustus and Troup Hurt houses on a battlefield map.

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","Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, 441 Freedom Parkway, Atlanta, GA 30307. Park for free in the western section of the library campus and walk to the enclosing wall (above Freedom Parkway) that faces downtown Atlanta. You will have arrived when you can see the skyline over the wall. ",33.766473,-84.358156,[984,985,986,987,988,989],"Carter Center: During the Battle of Atlanta, Federal General William T. Sherman’s field headquarters occupied this vantage point in the vicinity of the present day Jimmy Carter Presidential Library.",33.767786,-84.358079,"Carter Center: Site of Federal General William T. Sherman's field headquarters—the August Hurt House, no longer standing—on the grounds of the present-day Jimmy Carter Presidential Library.\r\nWhat to See: Your vantage point provides a panoramic view of downtown Atlanta comparable to the cityscape that Federal commander Major General William T. Sherman would have seen when he arrived at this high ground on the morning of July 22, 1864. The city's downtown today is in the same location where it was in 1864. Sherman, who commanded the three Union armies advancing on Atlanta, established his temporary headquarters at the Augustus Hurt House, no longer standing, at the eastern edge of today's Carter Library campus.\r\nAfter reaching Hurt's unoccupied plantation home, Sherman and his staff ventured even closer to Atlanta—to a hillside near where you are standing—to get a better view of the city. Sherman's observation of Rebel troops occupying the eastern section of the city's fortifications provided confirmation that the Confederate army remained in Atlanta in force and would fight to hold it. Artillery and rifle fire aimed at Sherman and his staff forced their retreat to the Hurt House.\r\nFrom there, Sherman had a sweeping view of the section of the battlefield to the southeast where late afternoon fighting would center around the home of Troup Hurt (stop 11 on this tour), Augustus Hurt's older brother. Sherman witnessed a successful Confederate attack against an entrenched Union line. His proximity to the fighting enabled him to direct cannon fire that hindered the Confederate advance.\r\nA counterattack by Federal infantry ended the Rebel threat. Although the tree line south of where you are standing obscures the sweeping battlefield view that Sherman had, you can visualize his advantageous position from the Cyclorama painting's depiction of the Yankee commander on horseback and by locating the Augustus and Troup Hurt houses on a battlefield map.\r\n",[965,965,965],{"_72":981,"_132":982,"_134":983},[],"Sherman on Horseback","Sherman surveying the battlefield, in front of the Augustus Hurt House, east of Atlanta, July 22, 1864, Battle of Atlanta Cyclorama painting.","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/am728t67o3k7009zprv12fvw1bn1?variant=desktop",{"_100":1045,"_97":22,"_132":982,"_142":314,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":1046,"_148":1047,"_33":990,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":1046,"_155":156,"_157":317,"_72":981,"_160":-5},{"_100":172,"_97":185,"_132":1034,"_142":196,"_144":1035,"_145":1036,"_146":1037,"_148":1038,"_33":172,"_151":201,"_152":202,"_154":1037,"_155":203,"_157":204,"_72":1039,"_160":1036},{"_100":1007,"_97":172,"_132":1026,"_142":395,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":1027,"_148":1028,"_33":956,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":1027,"_155":156,"_157":398,"_72":608,"_160":-5},{"_100":1014,"_97":101,"_132":1015,"_142":1016,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":1017,"_148":1018,"_33":1002,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":1017,"_155":156,"_157":1019,"_72":1020,"_160":-5},{"_100":1002,"_97":201,"_132":1003,"_142":1004,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":1005,"_148":1006,"_33":1007,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":1005,"_155":156,"_157":1008,"_72":996,"_160":-5},{"_100":990,"_97":551,"_132":991,"_142":992,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":993,"_148":994,"_33":926,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":993,"_155":156,"_157":995,"_72":996,"_160":-5},16,"Augustus Hurt House, Sherman’s headquarters on July 22, 1864, Battle of Atlanta Cyclorama painting.",522,"August_Hurt_House_v2_Cyclorama.jpg",{"_161":997,"_163":998,"_165":999,"_167":1000,"_169":1001},392,"Augustus Hurt House","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/xixxvpx3a37752r68ydszqwg0enp","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/xixxvpx3a37752r68ydszqwg0enp?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/xixxvpx3a37752r68ydszqwg0enp?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/xixxvpx3a37752r68ydszqwg0enp?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/xixxvpx3a37752r68ydszqwg0enp?variant=lqip",15,"August Hurt House, Sherman’s temporary headquarters, July 22, 1864, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, vol. 4. Sketch by Theodore R. Davis.",495,"Augustus_Hurt_House_Theodore_Davis_2.jpg",{"_161":1009,"_163":1010,"_165":1011,"_167":1012,"_169":1013},17,371,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/fm9nhiltom5mbihx7uj261zh6944","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/fm9nhiltom5mbihx7uj261zh6944?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/fm9nhiltom5mbihx7uj261zh6944?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/fm9nhiltom5mbihx7uj261zh6944?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/fm9nhiltom5mbihx7uj261zh6944?variant=lqip",13,"Union Major General William T. Sherman, commander of the three Federal armies advancing on Atlanta. Courtesy of Brady National Photographic Art Gallery.",280,"Potrait_of_Maj._Gen._William_T._Sherman_officer_of_the_Federal_Army.jpg",{"_161":1021,"_163":1022,"_165":1023,"_167":1024,"_169":1025},210,"Major General William T. 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Sherman established his field headquarters just before the Battle of Atlanta on high ground east of the city, where the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library is now located. \n\nTake the tour at http://battleATL.org.\n\nRead more at http://southernspaces.org/2014/battle-atlanta-history-and-remembrance#shermanhq. 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You can read the companion article to the Battle of Atlanta tour at Southern Spaces.

","tour_count","Instructions","instructions","

Welcome to the Battle of Atlanta: A Tour of History and Remembrance. This web app provides you with information about the Battle of Atlanta and directions to reach the locations important to the battle.

This web app is intended for use with smartphones while retracing the battle route. However, it also works with tablets and computer web browsers.

We anticipate that most people will drive to the stops on the Battle of Atlanta tour. We strongly recommend touring the Battle of Atlanta in groups of two or more. This allows one person to drive while others read the directions and historical information.

Home Page

\nThe Home Page is first page you see when loading the web app. When opening the Home Page for the first time, you will be asked\n if you want to share your current location with the Battle web app. \nSharing your location allows the app to show where you are in relation \nto the tour stops. We do not store any information about your location. The Battle of Atlanta’s Home Page includes:\n

An Introduction to the tour
A button to a list of Tour Stops
A button to a Map Overview
A Menu in the upper left corner

Introduction

Clicking on “Introduction” brings you to a brief introduction to the battle and the web app. The Introduction emphasizes the importance of physically exploring the spaces of the Battle of Atlanta and how the web app has been designed to make this possible.

Clicking on the button to the map in the bottom center will show you the Map Overview of the tour with all the numbered tour stops.

If you share your location with the web app, it will be represented by a blue dot on the map.

To navigate to the first tour stop, click “Stops” on the bottom of the Introduction page. Then click the first stop in the resulting list. To return to the Home Page, click “Info” at the bottom left of the page from the Stops list or the overall Map, or click the title of the tour in the upper left corner from any page in the tour.

List of Tour Stops

On the Stops page you can scroll through the list of tour stops. To see more information about each tour stop, click on its title.

Map Overview

By clicking Map Overview at the bottom of the Home Page, you can see the locations of all the stops on the Battle of Atlanta tour.

If you click on a particular tour stop, you will see a pop-up description of that stop. By clicking the title of each stop, you can learn immediately about that stop.

To return to the list of tour stops, click “Stops” at the bottom of the Map Overview or click “Back” in the upper left corner.

Menu
Clicking on “Menu” (a three bar icon) in the upper left corner provides three options:

“About” provides information about the Battle of Atlanta web app, including the Battle of Atlanta team and the technologies used for building the app.
“Instructions” provides detailed directions for using the app.
“Companion Article” provides a link to the essay “The Battle of Atlanta: History and Remembrance” by Daniel A. Pollock at the peer-reviewed, open-access journal Southern Spaces. The content of the Battle of Atlanta web app is condensed from this extensive article.

From each of these Menu pages, you can click the tour title in the upper left corner to return to the Home Page.

Tour Stops
Each tour stop page consists of two parts: History and Directions. The History page always appears first. The Directions page is accessible by clicking the Map button in the bottom right.

Once on the Directions page, you can return to the History page by clicking the Info button in the bottom left.

From either the History or Directions page, you can go to the next tour stop or previous tour stop by clicking the arrows in the bottom left and right corners.

History Page
Each History page features a one-sentence summary of what happened at the tour stop and a short historical narrative.

Each History page begins with a brief video that gives an overview of what happened at that tour stop. Play the video by clicking on it.

In addition to the video, each History page has historical images, maps, and other documents to explore. Access them by swiping or using the arrow buttons.

You can learn more about each image by tapping on it. A caption appears, as well as the option to view a larger version of the image. Tap on the link to view the larger image, which allows you to zoom for additional details. Return to the History page by clicking the \"X\" in the upper right corner.

You can get to the previous or next stop’s History page by clicking either “Prev Stop” or “Next Stop” at the bottom of the page.

You can always return to the Home page that leads to the overview of tour stops by clicking the title in the upper left of each History page.

Directions and Map Page

The Directions page features three different features: Map, Directions, and Notes. Directions and Notes pop-up when you click the button in the top right.

From the Directions page, you can return to the History page by clicking the upper right corner.

You can get to the previous or next stop’s History page by clicking either “Prev Stop” or “Next Stop” at the bottom of the page.

You can also return to the Home page that leads to the overview of tour stops by clicking the tour title in the upper left corner of each History page.

If you have shared your location, the Map shows where you currently are (point A) and the location of the chosen stop on the tour (point B). You can zoom in and out. Once you start traveling, the map will automatically update your location.

On the Map you can also select your mode of transportation from the menu above the map. The default for the Battle of Atlanta web app is driving. You can also choose walking, bicycling, or transit. Once you have chosen your form of transportation, the app will remember that choice for subsequent stops.

Directions and Notes Pop-up
If you have shared your location, the Directions tab is called Turn By Turn and will provide you with point-by-point directions to reach the tour stop. The directions will be for the mode of transportation you chose in the Map menu.

The Directions tab for each stop draws from Google, with point-by-point directions.

Below the directions is the physical address of where you are going. You can use this address with a GPS or a mapping application of your choice to reach the tour stop.

Notes Tab
The Notes tab for each stop provides additional navigational information. You can switch between Notes and directions by clicking the Notes tab or the Turn By Turn tab. You can minimize the Directions and Notes pop-up by clicking the center arrow, pointing down, and return to the map. You can zoom in the map and see a line between your position and that of the stop.

","About","about","

The Battle of Atlanta: History and Remembrance is a collaborative project of the Emory Center for Digital Scholarship (ECDS) and Robert W. Woodruff Library. It is built using OpenTour Builder, a free and open-source software developed by the ECDS in partnership with a generous grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. The Battle of Atlanta: History and Remembrance was first launched on OpenTour Builder v. 2, but has been updated to v. 3.

The Emory Center for Digital Scholarship began development of the OpenTour Builder web app in 2014 in its first iteration. \nThe current version of OpenTour Builder, v. 3, was launched in March \nof 2019, and continues to be developed. OpenTour Builder relies on many different different web technologies and libraries. We are grateful to forward-thinking organizations and individual developers who make free and open-source software on which other projects may be built. In particular, the back end is built with Ruby on Rails and PostgreSQL, and the front end makes use of Ember. We also draw extensively on Google Maps APIs.

Project Team

Project co-directors: Daniel A. Pollock and Allen Tullos
Principal researcher and author: Daniel A. Pollock
Project Manager and digital strategist: Brian Croxall
Principal web app software developer: Jay Varner
Photograph and historical collections researcher: Christopher Sawula
Project librarian: Erica Bruchko
Cartographer: Michael C. Page
Web app interface designer: Kevin Glover
Principal videographer and video editor: Steve Bransford
Assistant videographer and video editor: Dina Warnock
Assistant videographer: Raymond McCrea Jones

Southern Spaces managing editor: Jesse P. Karlsberg
Southern Spaces assistant managing editor: Sarah V. Melton
Southern Spaces staff: Meredith Doster (layout), Alan Pike (videography and development), Clinton Fluker (images), Christopher Lirette (text linking), Katie Rawson (early development), and Eric Solomon (text linking)
Copyediting and proofreading: Marlo Starr
Production assistance: Franky Abbott, Matt Miller
Initial software developer: Kyle W. Bock
ECDS co-director: Wayne Morse

Emory Library and Information Technology Services (LITS) Software Engineering Team
Software team manager: Mike Mitchell
Project manager: Tonia Edwards
LITS Library Tech Services: Jonathan Bodnar, Bethany Nash
LITS Scholarly Communications: Lisa Macklin, Melanie Kowalski

Atlanta Cyclorama and Civil War Museum: Monica Prothro, Yakingma Robinson

Content review: Steve Davis, Charlie Crawford, and Dave Buckhout
Thanks to: Carol Anderson, Julie Braun, Holly Crenshaw, Ginger Cain, Kathryn Dixson, and John Klingler
Proposal consultant: Deb Watts

The responsibility for the final essay text ultimately resides with the author.

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The Battle of Atlanta figures prominently in the Union's conquest of the Confederacy in the final year of the Civil War and in Abraham Lincoln's re-election to the US presidency. This web-based mobile application combines a narrative\n of events, video clips, and images into a handheld resource directing visitors to five tour stops.

\n\n

The narrative describes the combat action and battlefield terrain depicted in the Battle of Atlanta Cyclorama painting. The battle, an eight-hour struggle between Federal and Confederate forces fought east of Atlanta on July 22, 1864, was one\n of the biggest clashes in the final months of the Civil War. The Cyclorama artists choose to show the fighting at approximately 4:30 p.m., a climactic moment in which the main event was a tide-turning counterattack by Yankee troops in the vicinity\n of the Troup Hurt House that reversed a temporarily successful Confederate onslaught.\n

\n\n

The mobile app guides users to a series of stops in present-day Atlanta that correspond to specific battlefield sites shown in the Cyclorama painting and provides information about what to see at each stop. A typical tour takes two hours. A driver should\n not attempt to drive while using the tour app but should receive directions from a passenger serving as navigator. Parking is available at each stop, in nearby parking lots or on adjacent streets.\n

\n\n

A Battle of Atlanta tour requires more active engagement than a trip to a well-preserved Civil War battlefield park. However, by juxtaposing a narrative account of the combat action with close ups of the Cyclorama painting and present-day visual evidence,\n visitors using the mobile app can learn about the Battle of Atlanta for the first time or gain fresh insights into the tactical movements and topographic features that figured in the battle's outcome. Touring in pairs or larger groups is a useful\n way to identify features that a single person might overlook.

\n\n

The mobile app also lends itself to learning about the Battle of Atlanta without an actual visit to the battlefield sites. It presupposes no prior knowledge of military maneuvers and events and can serve as a classroom resource for understanding a major\n Civil War battle. A companion essay about the Battle of Atlanta, published by Southern Spaces, includes more detailed information about battlefield events and\n landmarks, lengthier profiles of opposing army commanders, an account of the battle's aftermath and legacy, and recommendations for additional reading.

—Daniel Pollock

",[],[1303]," The Battle of Atlanta figures prominently in the Union's conquest of the Confederacy in the final year of the Civil War and in Abraham Lincoln's re-election to the US presidency. This web-based mobile application combines a narrative\n of events, video clips, and images into a handheld resource directing visitors to five tour stops.\n\nThe narrative describes the combat action and battlefield terrain depicted in the Battle of Atlanta Cyclorama painting. The battle, an eight-hour struggle between Federal and Confederate forces fought east of Atlanta on July 22, 1864, was one\n of the biggest clashes in the final months of the Civil War. The Cyclorama artists choose to show the fighting at approximately 4:30 p. m., a climactic moment in which the main event was a tide-turning counterattack by Yankee troops in the vicinity\n of the Troup Hurt House that reversed a temporarily successful Confederate onslaught.\n\n\nThe mobile app guides users to a series of stops in present-day Atlanta that correspond to specific battlefield sites shown in the Cyclorama painting and provides information about what to see at each stop. A typical tour takes two hours. A driver should\n not attempt to drive while using the tour app but should receive directions from a passenger serving as navigator. Parking is available at each stop, in nearby parking lots or on adjacent streets.\n\n\nA Battle of Atlanta tour requires more active engagement than a trip to a well-preserved Civil War battlefield park. However, by juxtaposing a narrative account of the combat action with close ups of the Cyclorama painting and present-day visual evidence,\n visitors using the mobile app can learn about the Battle of Atlanta for the first time or gain fresh insights into the tactical movements and topographic features that figured in the battle's outcome. Touring in pairs or larger groups is a useful\n way to identify features that a single person might overlook.\n\nThe mobile app also lends itself to learning about the Battle of Atlanta without an actual visit to the battlefield sites. It presupposes no prior knowledge of military maneuvers and events and can serve as a classroom resource for understanding a major\n Civil War battle. A companion essay about the Battle of Atlanta, published by Southern Spaces, includes more detailed information about battlefield events and\n landmarks, lengthier profiles of opposing army commanders, an account of the battle's aftermath and legacy, and recommendations for additional reading.—Daniel Pollock\n",{"_33":185,"_72":1062},[1299,1300,1301,1302],"2026-09-10","7 minutes reading",{"_72":1297,"_132":-5,"_134":1298},"cyclorama-battle-sites",[1118],[1125,1126,1127,1128,1129],"Cyclorama Battle Sites","23 minutes driving",{"_33":22,"_72":83},[],{"_96":1280,"_97":22,"_98":-5,"_100":926,"_102":-5,"_103":968,"_29":969,"_106":970,"_108":-5,"_109":110,"_33":172,"_111":971,"_113":972,"_38":-5,"_42":1281,"_44":974,"_117":24,"_118":975,"_120":976,"_51":35,"_58":977,"_62":965,"_64":1282,"_60":1283,"_72":966,"_78":127,"_128":-5,"_129":-5,"_80":1284},{"_96":1236,"_97":185,"_98":1237,"_100":1045,"_102":-5,"_103":-5,"_29":1238,"_106":-5,"_108":-5,"_109":110,"_33":1045,"_111":1239,"_113":1240,"_38":-5,"_42":1241,"_44":608,"_117":24,"_118":-5,"_120":-5,"_51":35,"_58":1242,"_62":1234,"_64":1243,"_60":1244,"_72":1235,"_78":127,"_128":-5,"_129":-5,"_80":1245},{"_96":1195,"_97":172,"_98":1196,"_100":1002,"_102":-5,"_103":-5,"_29":1197,"_106":-5,"_108":-5,"_109":110,"_33":1002,"_111":1198,"_113":1199,"_38":-5,"_42":1200,"_44":608,"_117":24,"_118":-5,"_120":-5,"_51":35,"_58":1201,"_62":1193,"_64":1202,"_60":1203,"_72":1194,"_78":127,"_128":-5,"_129":-5,"_80":1204},{"_96":1147,"_97":101,"_98":1148,"_100":990,"_102":-5,"_103":-5,"_29":1149,"_106":-5,"_108":-5,"_109":110,"_33":990,"_111":1150,"_113":1151,"_38":-5,"_42":1152,"_44":608,"_117":24,"_118":-5,"_120":-5,"_51":35,"_58":1153,"_62":1145,"_64":1154,"_60":1155,"_72":1146,"_78":127,"_128":-5,"_129":-5,"_80":1156},{"_96":-5,"_97":201,"_98":1130,"_100":956,"_102":-5,"_103":214,"_29":215,"_106":216,"_108":-5,"_109":110,"_33":201,"_111":217,"_113":218,"_38":-5,"_42":1131,"_44":220,"_117":24,"_118":221,"_120":222,"_51":35,"_58":223,"_62":209,"_64":1132,"_60":1133,"_72":210,"_78":127,"_128":-5,"_129":-5,"_80":1134},{"_33":990,"_62":1145,"_72":1146},[1135,1136,1137,1138,1139],[209,209],{"_72":227,"_132":228,"_134":229},[],{"_100":201,"_97":22,"_132":228,"_142":196,"_144":279,"_145":280,"_146":281,"_148":1144,"_33":201,"_151":201,"_152":202,"_154":281,"_155":203,"_157":204,"_72":227,"_160":280},{"_100":268,"_97":185,"_132":269,"_142":270,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":271,"_148":1143,"_33":235,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":271,"_155":156,"_157":273,"_72":210,"_160":-5},{"_100":257,"_97":172,"_132":258,"_142":259,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":260,"_148":1142,"_33":246,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":260,"_155":156,"_157":262,"_72":210,"_160":-5},{"_100":246,"_97":101,"_132":247,"_142":248,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":249,"_148":1141,"_33":184,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":249,"_155":156,"_157":251,"_72":210,"_160":-5},{"_100":235,"_97":201,"_132":236,"_142":237,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":238,"_148":1140,"_33":171,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":238,"_155":156,"_157":240,"_72":210,"_160":-5},{"_161":241,"_163":242,"_165":243,"_167":244,"_169":245},{"_161":252,"_163":253,"_165":254,"_167":255,"_169":256},{"_161":263,"_163":264,"_165":265,"_167":266,"_169":267},{"_161":274,"_163":275,"_165":276,"_167":277,"_169":278},{"_161":283,"_163":284,"_165":285,"_167":229,"_169":286},"eastern-slope-of-leggett-s-hill","Eastern Slope of Leggett's Hill",{"_33":201,"_62":209,"_72":210},{"_33":1002,"_62":1193,"_72":1194},"

Memorial Drive east of Moreland Avenue, Edgewood: Leggett’s Hill was the scene of\nintense fighting on July 21 and 22, 1864, and a remnant of the Hill’s eastern\nslope is visible from present day street locations.

\n\n

What to See: Leggett's Hill—so named by the Yankees after the struggle for its\ncontrol on July 22, 1864 and also known as Bald Hill—was the highest elevation\non the north–south ridge line along which present-day Moreland Avenue is\nlocated and also the high point between Atlanta and Decatur. It was the scene\nof some of the most ferocious fighting in the Battle of Atlanta. Brigadier\nGeneral Mortimer D. Leggett's Union Division had captured the round-topped hill\non July 21 and successfully defended it the next day.

\n\n

When the Confederates failed to dislodge the Federals on July 22, they\nceded control of the most important strategic position east of the city.\nLeggett's Hill remained a visible battlefield landmark until the early 1960s,\nwhen it was leveled during construction of I-20. The ridge line along Moreland\nAvenue is evident from the downslope of the east–west streets that intersect\nit.

\n\n

As shown in the Cyclorama painting, the hill crested across an open field\nthat stretched from north to south for over a quarter of a mile. Its largely\ncleared north, south, and western sides rose gently; the eastern face was\nrelatively steep and wooded. By securing the summit on July 21, the northerners\nwon a commanding view of the entire battlefield and a site from which they\ncould fire cannon shot into Atlanta, two miles away.

\n\n

The next day, the Confederate Division that had been forced off the hill,\nMajor General Patrick R. Cleburne's Division of Hardee's Corps, was at the\nforefront of the offensive that attempted to retake it. The opposing troops encountered\neach other at murderously close range and at times engaged in hand-to-hand\ncombat, aided by bayonet and clubbed rifles.

\n\n Some Federal units\nentrenched on the hill fended off Confederate attacks from the flank, rear, and\nfront, jumping from one side of their earthworks to the other to repel charges.\nOnly late in the afternoon when the Rebels launched their most coordinated\nattack did they compress the Federal forces on Leggett's Hill and threaten a\nserious rupture in the Union line. They came close to dislodging the Yankees\nfrom the strategic high ground before being checked. A key component of the\nConfederate's surge, Major General Carter L. Stevenson's Confederate Division\nadvancing against Leggett's Division, is depicted in the Cyclorama. \n",33.747802,-84.344589,[1158,1159,1160]," Memorial Drive east of Moreland Avenue, Edgewood: Leggett’s Hill was the scene of\nintense fighting on July 21 and 22, 1864, and a remnant of the Hill’s eastern\nslope is visible from present day street locations. \n\n What to See: Leggett's Hill—so named by the Yankees after the struggle for its\ncontrol on July 22, 1864 and also known as Bald Hill—was the highest elevation\non the north–south ridge line along which present-day Moreland Avenue is\nlocated and also the high point between Atlanta and Decatur. It was the scene\nof some of the most ferocious fighting in the Battle of Atlanta. Brigadier\nGeneral Mortimer D. Leggett's Union Division had captured the round-topped hill\non July 21 and successfully defended it the next day.\n\n When the Confederates failed to dislodge the Federals on July 22, they\nceded control of the most important strategic position east of the city.\nLeggett's Hill remained a visible battlefield landmark until the early 1960s,\nwhen it was leveled during construction of I-20. The ridge line along Moreland\nAvenue is evident from the downslope of the east–west streets that intersect\nit.\n\n As shown in the Cyclorama painting, the hill crested across an open field\nthat stretched from north to south for over a quarter of a mile. Its largely\ncleared north, south, and western sides rose gently; the eastern face was\nrelatively steep and wooded. By securing the summit on July 21, the northerners\nwon a commanding view of the entire battlefield and a site from which they\ncould fire cannon shot into Atlanta, two miles away.\n\n The next day, the Confederate Division that had been forced off the hill,\nMajor General Patrick R. Cleburne's Division of Hardee's Corps, was at the\nforefront of the offensive that attempted to retake it. The opposing troops encountered\neach other at murderously close range and at times engaged in hand-to-hand\ncombat, aided by bayonet and clubbed rifles.\n\n Some Federal units\nentrenched on the hill fended off Confederate attacks from the flank, rear, and\nfront, jumping from one side of their earthworks to the other to repel charges.\nOnly late in the afternoon when the Rebels launched their most coordinated\nattack did they compress the Federal forces on Leggett's Hill and threaten a\nserious rupture in the Union line. They came close to dislodging the Yankees\nfrom the strategic high ground before being checked. A key component of the\nConfederate's surge, Major General Carter L. Stevenson's Confederate Division\nadvancing against Leggett's Division, is depicted in the Cyclorama. \n",[1145,1145],{"_72":-5,"_132":-5,"_134":1157},[],"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/h2m63hc1goxnqo68jz8naj4691vo?variant=desktop",{"_100":1184,"_97":22,"_132":-5,"_142":1185,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":1186,"_148":1187,"_33":1188,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":1186,"_155":156,"_157":656,"_72":-5,"_160":-5},{"_100":1175,"_97":22,"_132":-5,"_142":1176,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":443,"_148":1177,"_33":1178,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":443,"_155":156,"_157":445,"_72":-5,"_160":-5},{"_100":1161,"_97":22,"_132":608,"_142":1162,"_144":1163,"_145":1164,"_146":1165,"_148":1166,"_33":1167,"_151":201,"_152":202,"_154":1165,"_155":1168,"_157":204,"_72":1169,"_160":1164},68,640,"//player.vimeo.com/video/310645096","310645096","310645096.jpg",{"_161":1170,"_163":1171,"_165":1172,"_167":1173,"_169":1174},71,"vimeo","CycloramaBattleSites.org Stop 4: Eastern Slope of Leggett's Hill","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/je5n1p4shg4ilt4evfjb92v0plyx","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/je5n1p4shg4ilt4evfjb92v0plyx?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/je5n1p4shg4ilt4evfjb92v0plyx?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/je5n1p4shg4ilt4evfjb92v0plyx?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/je5n1p4shg4ilt4evfjb92v0plyx?variant=lqip",70,805,{"_161":1179,"_163":1180,"_165":1181,"_167":1182,"_169":1183},73,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/3oxn8ri3mabs43rzuf8ijeluwdom","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/3oxn8ri3mabs43rzuf8ijeluwdom?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/3oxn8ri3mabs43rzuf8ijeluwdom?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/3oxn8ri3mabs43rzuf8ijeluwdom?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/3oxn8ri3mabs43rzuf8ijeluwdom?variant=lqip",69,314,"Confederate_Veteran_1906_251.jpg",{"_161":1189,"_163":1190,"_165":1191,"_167":1157,"_169":1192},72,"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/h2m63hc1goxnqo68jz8naj4691vo","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/h2m63hc1goxnqo68jz8naj4691vo?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/h2m63hc1goxnqo68jz8naj4691vo?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/h2m63hc1goxnqo68jz8naj4691vo?variant=lqip","confederate-s-attack-south-of-leggett-s-hill-east-atlanta","Confederate's Attack South of Leggett's Hill (East Atlanta)",{"_33":990,"_62":1145,"_72":1146},{"_33":1045,"_62":1234,"_72":1235},"

Flat Shoals Road and Glenwood Avenue,\nEast Atlanta: The far left flank of\nthe Union army advancing toward Atlanta occupied an entrenched position in\npresent-day East Atlanta where Confederate Divisions commanded by Major General\nPatrick Cleburne and Brigadier General George Maney repeatedly attacked. Billowing gun smoke from clashes in this sector are visible in the Cyclorama painting south of Leggett's Hill, along the horizon.\n

\n\n

What to See: =The lengthy north-south Federal line\nfacing Atlanta branched out in a southeasterly direction along Flat Shoals Road\n(a country road in 1864) from Moreland to Glenwood Avenues. This section of Flat Shoals Road in East Atlanta is located on a down sloping ridge, along which Yankee infantry dug in.\n At the intersection of Flat Shoals Road and Glenwood Ave., the extended Union line bent back at a sharp angle to the northeast and continued to an endpoint near Patterson Ave.\n

\n\n

The Yankees deployed\nthis fishhook configuration of entrenched troops along their far left flank for\nprotection of the main section of the Union line. However, the extra forces themselves were vulnerable to attack and bore the brunt of multiple assaults by Cleburne's and Maney's Divisions. Their Divisions were among\n the Confederate forces that marched in a circuitous, 15-mile route from Atlanta during the night of July 21 in an effort to surprise the Yankees with a rear or flank attack the following day.\nArriving hours later than planned on July 22, Cleburne's and Maney's troops discovered the unexpected configuration of entrenched Federal troops, but the attacking Confederates struck hard in a series of assaults south of Leggett's Hill that began\n early in the afternoon and ultimately forced the Union's far left flank, an entire Division, to withdraw to the hill.\n

\n\nLeggett's\nHill is a prominent feature in the Cyclorama painting and is often referred to\nas Bald Hill. It is a broad expanse of high ground, named for Mortimer Leggett, the Federal general whose troops had captured it the day before the Battle of Atlanta. During the battle, Confederates assaulted the\nYankees at the hill in multiple waves of attacks from the front, rear, and flank.\n These ferocious efforts fell short, as the heavily battered Union defenders gave ground but retained control of the hill at battle's end.",33.740275,-84.3458,[1207,1208,1209],"Flat Shoals Road and Glenwood Avenue,\nEast Atlanta: The far left flank of\nthe Union army advancing toward Atlanta occupied an entrenched position in\npresent-day East Atlanta where Confederate Divisions commanded by Major General\nPatrick Cleburne and Brigadier General George Maney repeatedly attacked. Billowing gun smoke from clashes in this sector are visible in the Cyclorama painting south of Leggett's Hill, along the horizon.\n\n\nWhat to See: =The lengthy north-south Federal line\nfacing Atlanta branched out in a southeasterly direction along Flat Shoals Road\n(a country road in 1864) from Moreland to Glenwood Avenues. This section of Flat Shoals Road in East Atlanta is located on a down sloping ridge, along which Yankee infantry dug in.\n At the intersection of Flat Shoals Road and Glenwood Ave., the extended Union line bent back at a sharp angle to the northeast and continued to an endpoint near Patterson Ave.\n\n\nThe Yankees deployed\nthis fishhook configuration of entrenched troops along their far left flank for\nprotection of the main section of the Union line. However, the extra forces themselves were vulnerable to attack and bore the brunt of multiple assaults by Cleburne's and Maney's Divisions. Their Divisions were among\n the Confederate forces that marched in a circuitous, 15-mile route from Atlanta during the night of July 21 in an effort to surprise the Yankees with a rear or flank attack the following day.\nArriving hours later than planned on July 22, Cleburne's and Maney's troops discovered the unexpected configuration of entrenched Federal troops, but the attacking Confederates struck hard in a series of assaults south of Leggett's Hill that began\n early in the afternoon and ultimately forced the Union's far left flank, an entire Division, to withdraw to the hill.\n\n\nLeggett's\nHill is a prominent feature in the Cyclorama painting and is often referred to\nas Bald Hill. It is a broad expanse of high ground, named for Mortimer Leggett, the Federal general whose troops had captured it the day before the Battle of Atlanta. During the battle, Confederates assaulted the\nYankees at the hill in multiple waves of attacks from the front, rear, and flank.\n These ferocious efforts fell short, as the heavily battered Union defenders gave ground but retained control of the hill at battle's end.",[1193,1193],{"_72":1205,"_132":608,"_134":1206},[],"CycloramaBattleSites.org Stop 3: Confederate's Attack South of Leggett's Hill","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/ahyf3ulsky3yesstsduyk77y58l9?variant=desktop",{"_100":1225,"_97":22,"_132":608,"_142":1162,"_144":1226,"_145":1227,"_146":1228,"_148":1229,"_33":1161,"_151":201,"_152":202,"_154":1228,"_155":1168,"_157":204,"_72":1205,"_160":1227},{"_100":1218,"_97":22,"_132":608,"_142":509,"_144":-5,"_145":608,"_146":510,"_148":1219,"_33":1184,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":510,"_155":156,"_157":512,"_72":608,"_160":608},{"_100":1210,"_97":22,"_132":-5,"_142":314,"_144":-5,"_145":-5,"_146":1211,"_148":1212,"_33":1175,"_151":-5,"_152":153,"_154":1211,"_155":156,"_157":317,"_72":-5,"_160":-5},67,"historic_marker.jpg",{"_161":1213,"_163":1214,"_165":1215,"_167":1216,"_169":1217},"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/7ux7pgbwsccf5c3llo5iifh68883","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/7ux7pgbwsccf5c3llo5iifh68883?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/7ux7pgbwsccf5c3llo5iifh68883?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/7ux7pgbwsccf5c3llo5iifh68883?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/7ux7pgbwsccf5c3llo5iifh68883?variant=lqip",66,{"_161":1220,"_163":1221,"_165":1222,"_167":1223,"_169":1224},"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/fp5ywmgaiirgukgvi0eda5myw691","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/fp5ywmgaiirgukgvi0eda5myw691?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/fp5ywmgaiirgukgvi0eda5myw691?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/fp5ywmgaiirgukgvi0eda5myw691?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/fp5ywmgaiirgukgvi0eda5myw691?variant=lqip",65,"//player.vimeo.com/video/310645188","310645188","310645188.jpg",{"_161":1230,"_163":1231,"_165":1232,"_167":1206,"_169":1233},"https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/ahyf3ulsky3yesstsduyk77y58l9","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/ahyf3ulsky3yesstsduyk77y58l9?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/ahyf3ulsky3yesstsduyk77y58l9?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/battle-of-atlanta/v4/public/media/ahyf3ulsky3yesstsduyk77y58l9?variant=lqip","federal-troops-restore-their-broken-line-reynoldstown","Federal Troops Restore Their Broken Line (Reynoldstown)",{"_33":1002,"_62":1193,"_72":1194},{"_33":172,"_62":965,"_72":966},"

Moreland Avenue near Brantley Street,\nReynoldstown: The main part of the Sherman's army closing on Atlanta from the east dug in along a lengthy north-south line closely paralleling present-day Moreland Avenue. In mid-battle, Confederate\n troops temporarily overran the Federals who had aligned in field works near the Georgia Railroad, the track bed of which remains in use by Atlanta's commuter line and a major railroad company.\n

\n\n

What to see: Moreland Avenue, which did not exist during the Civil War, courses through present-day Atlanta's east side neighborhoods, including Reynoldstown. The heavily trafficked street\n is located on a ridge along which the Federal Fifteenth Corps entrenched on the morning of July 22, 1864.\nThese\nentrenchments extended for approximately 2 miles, from the vicinity of the\nFreedom Presidential Parkway in Inman Park to the north to just beyond the\nMoreland Ave. - I-20 Interchange in East Atlanta to the south. The Yankee line straddled the Georgia Railroad, where a gap in the Union's defenses provided a point of attack for two Confederate Divisions that broke through the Federal\n line in a direct assault and forced their blue-coated foes to fall back in disarray. The attacking Rebels had moved out from\nthe city astride the railroad, the track bed of which remains in use by the\nMARTA rail line and CSX railroad.

\n\n

The Cyclorama\npainting depicts Union troops mounting a massive counteroffensive near the\nrailroad tracks in a successful effort to restore their broken line. Among the Federal infantry units shown south of the tracks, fighting to retake lost ground, is Colonel James S. Martin's brigade (he appears on horseback glancing\n across the battlefield). Martin's troops press forward across territory occupied in present-day Atlanta by retail establishments located just south of the railroad overpass at Moreland Ave., in the Reynoldstown neighborhood.\n As the surging blue coats advance toward their old position, a lone Confederate courier on horseback gallops into territory retaken by Martin's brigade and becomes a moving target.\n Retreating Confederates have slaughtered their horses, the carcasses of which lie alongside the tracks. \n

\n\n

The Georgia Railroad and the three other rail lines that\nconverged on Atlanta in 1864 were lifelines for the Confederate army defending\nthe city and the dwindling civilian population that continued to live\nthere. The Battle of Atlanta occurred where and when it did because Sherman's army advancing from the east had seized a vital railway and entrenched alongside it.\nThere, attacking Confederates temporarily turned the tide of battle and came close to carrying the day in what instead became Sherman's biggest victory in the Atlanta Campaign.\n

",33.758338,-84.349805,[1248,1249,1250],"Moreland Avenue near Brantley Street,\nReynoldstown: The main part of the Sherman's army closing on Atlanta from the east dug in along a lengthy north-south line closely paralleling present-day Moreland Avenue. In mid-battle, Confederate\n troops temporarily overran the Federals who had aligned in field works near the Georgia Railroad, the track bed of which remains in use by Atlanta's commuter line and a major railroad company.\n\n\nWhat to see: Moreland Avenue, which did not exist during the Civil War, courses through present-day Atlanta's east side neighborhoods, including Reynoldstown. The heavily trafficked street\n is located on a ridge along which the Federal Fifteenth Corps entrenched on the morning of July 22, 1864.\nThese\nentrenchments extended for approximately 2 miles, from the vicinity of the\nFreedom Presidential Parkway in Inman Park to the north to just beyond the\nMoreland Ave. - I-20 Interchange in East Atlanta to the south. The Yankee line straddled the Georgia Railroad, where a gap in the Union's defenses provided a point of attack for two Confederate Divisions that broke through the Federal\n line in a direct assault and forced their blue-coated foes to fall back in disarray. The attacking Rebels had moved out from\nthe city astride the railroad, the track bed of which remains in use by the\nMARTA rail line and CSX railroad. \n\nThe Cyclorama\npainting depicts Union troops mounting a massive counteroffensive near the\nrailroad tracks in a successful effort to restore their broken line. Among the Federal infantry units shown south of the tracks, fighting to retake lost ground, is Colonel James S. Martin's brigade (he appears on horseback glancing\n across the battlefield). Martin's troops press forward across territory occupied in present-day Atlanta by retail establishments located just south of the railroad overpass at Moreland Ave., in the Reynoldstown neighborhood.\n As the surging blue coats advance toward their old position, a lone Confederate courier on horseback gallops into territory retaken by Martin's brigade and becomes a moving target.\n Retreating Confederates have slaughtered their horses, the carcasses of which lie alongside the tracks. \n\n\nThe Georgia Railroad and the three other rail lines that\nconverged on Atlanta in 1864 were lifelines for the Confederate army defending\nthe city and the dwindling civilian population that continued to live\nthere. The Battle of Atlanta occurred where and when it did because Sherman's army advancing from the east had seized a vital railway and entrenched alongside it.\nThere, attacking Confederates temporarily turned the tide of battle and came close to carrying the day in what instead became Sherman's biggest victory in the Atlanta Campaign.\n",[1234,1234],{"_72":1246,"_132":608,"_134":1247},[],"CycloramaBattleSites.org Stop 2: Federal Troops Restore Their Broken 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